RIACS – Books & Journal Articles

• Adamolekun, Ladipo. 1993. "A Note on Civil Service Personnel Policy Reform in Sub-Saharan Africa." International Journal of Public Sector Management 6: 38-46.
• Aderinwale, Ayodele (ed). 1994. Corruption, Democracy and Human Rights in East and Central Africa: Summary Report of a Seminar Organized by the Africa Leadership Forum, Entebbe, Uganda. Ibadan: ALF Publications.
• Aderinwale, Ayodele (ed). 1994. Corruption, Democracy and Human Rights in West Africa: Summary Report of a Seminar Organized by the Africa Leadership Forum in Cotonou, Benin. Ibadan: ALF Publications.
• African Development Bank. 2001. Fostering good governance in Africa: African development report 2001. Abidjan: African Development Bank.
• Amnesty International. 2000. ―Kenya. in Amnesty International Report 2000, online at:  (July, 22 2004).
• Andreski, Stanislav. 1968. ―Kleptocracy: or, Corruption as a System of Government.‖ in Stanislav Andreski, ed., The African Predicament: A Study in the Pathology of Modernization, London: Michael Joseph, pp. 92-109.
• António, Daniel. 2001. "The Challenges for Africa: a Culture of Peace, Good Governance and People-Centered Development." Asia-Pacific Review 8, no. 1: 63-74.
• Auriol, Emmanuelle, Blanc, Aymeric. Capture and Corruption in Public Utilities: The Cases of Water and Electricity in Sub-Saharan Africa. Utilities Policy, 17:203-216.
• Ayittey, George B. N. 1992. Africa Betrayed. New York: St. Martin's Press.
• Barlow, C.H.M. "Ethical Codes for African Administrations: Nature, Content, Limitations and Required Improvements." In Sadig Rasheed Olowu, ed. Ethics and Accountability in African Public Service. Nairobi, Kenya: ICIPE Science Press, 1993.
• Bayart, Jean-François. (1999). The Criminalization of the State in Africa. [London]: International African Institute in association with J. Currey, Oxford ; Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
• Berg-Schlosser, Dirk. 1982. ―Modes and Meaning of Political Participation in Kenya. Comparative Politics 14: 397-415.
• Bernstein, Hilda. (1978). No. 46 Steve Biko. London: International Defence and Aid Fund.
• Blundo, Giorgio. (2006). Everyday Corruption and the State: Citizens And Public Officials In Africa. Cape Town: David Philip; London; New York: Zed.
• Boone, Catherine. 2003. Political Topographies of the African State: Rural Authority and Institutional Choice, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Bratton, Michael. Vote Buying and Violence in Nigerian Election Campaigns. Electoral Studies, 27: 621-632.
• Cerutti, Paolo Omar, Tacconi, Luca. Insights and Applications: Forests, Illegality, and Livelihoods: The Case of Cameroon. Society and Natural Resources, 21: 845-853.
• Chabal, Patrick. (1999). Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument. London: International African Institute in Association with James Currey, Oxford; Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
• Chew, D.C.E. ―Internal Adjustments to Falling Civil Salary: Insights from Uganda. World Development 18(7) (July 1990).
• Chirambo, Reuben. Corruption, Tribalism and Democracy: Coded Messages in Wambali Mkandawire's Popular Songs in Malawi. Critical Arts: A South-North Journal of Cultural & Media Studies, 23: 42-63.
• Collier, P. How to Reduce Corruption. African Development Review; 12: 191-205.
• Constance Kunaka, Noria Mashumba & Philliat Matsheza. (2002). The Southern African Development Community Protocol Against Corruption: A Regional Framework to Combat Corruption. Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe: Human Rights Trust of Southern Africa.
• Coolidge, Jacqueline, and Susan Rose-Ackerman. 1997. "High-Level Rent-Seeking and Corruption in African Regimes." Policy Research Working Paper no. 1780. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, Private Sector Development Department.
• Danevad, Andreas. 1995. ―Responsiveness in Botswana Politics: Do Elections Matter? Journal of Modern African Studies 33: 381-402.
• De Maria, William. Measurements and Markets: Deconstructing the Corruption Perception Index. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 21: 777-797.
• Development, participation and democracy in Africa: four essays. Pretoria, South Africa: Africa Institute of South Africa; Johannesburg, South Africa: Foundation for Global Dialogue.
• Dia, Mamadou. 1993. A Governance Approach to Civil Service Reform in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank Technical Paper 225. Washington, D.C.
• Diamond, Larry. 1997. "Civil society and democratic development in Africa." Towards Democracy: Journal of the Institute for Multi-Party Democracy (First Quarter), pp. 19-22.
• Easterly, William, and Ross Levine. 1996. ―Africa's Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions. World Bank, Policy Research Department, Macroeconomics and Growth Division, Washington, D.C.
• Elechi, O. O.; Okosun, T. Y.; Ngwe, J. E. Factors vitiating against the effectiveness of the Nigeria police in combating the criminal exploitation of children and women. African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies, 3: 1-49.
• "Ethics, Accountability and Transparency in Uganda: Assessing Current Situation and Looking Ahead." Report on a Mission to Uganda. Economic Development Institute of the World Bank and Transparency International, Washington, D.C.: February 1995.
• Farah, Douglas. (2004). Blood from Stones: the Secret Financial Network of Terror. 1st ed. New York: Broadway Books.
• Feinstein, Andrew (2009). After The Party: Corruption, the ANC and South Africa's Uncertain Future. London; New York: Verso.
• Frimpong, Kwame. 1997. ―An Analysis of Corruption in Botswana. presented at the seminar ―Corruption and Integrity Improvement.‖OECD/UNDP, Paris, October 24-25.
• Frimpong, Kwame; Jacques, Gloria. 1999. Corruption, Democracy, and Good Governance in Africa: Essays on Accountability and Ethical Behaviour. Southern African Universities Social Science Conference 1997: Lusaka, Zambia. Gaborone, Botswana: Lightbooks, 1999.
• Good, Kenneth. 1992. ―Interpreting the Exceptionality of Botswana. Journal of Modern African Studies 30: 69-95.
• Good, Kenneth. 1994. ―Corruption and Mismanagement in Botswana: A Best-Case Example? Journal of Modern African Studies, 32: 499-521
• Good, Kenneth. 1996. ―Towards Popular Participation in Botswana. Journal of Modern African Studies, 34: 53-77.
• Gould, David. Bureaucratic Corruption and Underdevelopment in the Third World: The Case of Zaire. New York: Pergamon Press, 1980.
• Gruenbaum, Oren. Commonwealth Update. The Round Table, 98:79-93.
• Guest, Robert. (2004). The Shackled Continent: Power, Corruption, and African Lives. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Books.
• Harrison, Graham. 1999. "Corruption as 'Boundary Politics': The State, Democratisation, and Mozambique's Unstable Liberalisation." Third World Quarterly 20, no. 3: 537-550.
• Harsch, E. 1993. "Accumulators and Democrats: Challenging State Corruption in Africa." Journal of Modern African Studies 31(1): 31-48.
• Holm, John D., Patrick P. Molutsi, and Gloria Somolekae. 1996. ―The Development of Civil Society in a Democratic State: The Botswana Model. African Studies Review 39: 43-69.
• Holm, John D. 2000. ―Curbing Corruption through Democratic Accountability: Lessons From Botswana. In Hope, K.R., and B. Chikulo, eds., Corruption and Development in Africa: Lessons from Case Studies. Basingstoke: Macmillan, pp. 288-304.
• Holmquist, Frank W., Frederick S. Weaver, and Michael D. Ford. 1994. ―The Structural Development of Kenya's Political Economy. African Studies Review 37: 69-105.
• Hope, Kempe Ronald; Chikulo, Bornwell C. 1999. Corruption and Development in Africa: Lessons from Country Case-Studies. Basingstoke: Macmillan; New York: St. Martin's Press.
• Human Rights Watch. 2002. ―Kenya‘s Unfinished Democracy: A Human Rights Agenda for the New Government. Online
• Iversen, Vegard; Fjeldstad, Odd-Helge; Bahiigwa, Godfrey; Ellis, Frank; James, Robert. Private Tax Collection -- Remnant of the Past or a Way Forward? Evidence from Rural Uganda. Public Administration and Development, 26: pp. 317-328.
• James, Wilmot and van de Vijver, Linda. After the TRC: Reflections on Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa.
• Joseph, Richard A. (ed). 1999. State, Conflict, and Democracy in Africa. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
• Kassotche, Florentino Dick. 1999. Globalization: Fears of the Developing Countries -Reflections on The Mozambican Case. Mozambique: Instituto Superior de Relações Internacionais.
• Kempe Ronald Hope, Sr. & Bornwell C. Chikulo. (2000). Corruption and Development in Africa: Lessons from Country Case-Studies. Houndmills [England]: Macmillan Press ; New York: St. Martin's Press.
• Klopp, Jacqueline M. 2000. ―Pilfering the Public: The Problem of Land Grabbing in Contemporary Kenya. Africa Today 47: 7-26.
• Klopp, Jacqueline M. 2002. ―Can Moral Ethnicity Trump Political Tribalism? The Struggle for Land and Nation in Kenya. African Studies 61: 269-294.
• Kotecha, Ken C. African Politics, the Corruption of Power. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1981.
• Kpundeh, Sahr John (ed.). 1992. Democratization in Africa: African Views, African Voices. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
• Kpundeh, Sahr John. 1993. ―Prospects in Contemporary Sierra Leone. Corruption and Reform 7: 237-247.
• Kpundeh, Sahr John. 1994. ―Limiting Administrative Corruption in Sierra Leone. Journal of Modern African Studies 32(1): 139-157.
• Kpundeh, Sahr John. 1994. ―Challenges to Democratic Transitions in Sierra Leone: The Problem of Corruption.The Democratic Challenge in Africa. Carter Center Working Paper Series.
• Kpundeh, Sahr John. 1995. Politics and Corruption in Africa: A Case Study of Sierra Leone. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America.
• Kpundeh, Sahr John. 1996. ―Kleptocracy and the Culture of Corruption: The Political Economy of Mismanagement in Sierra Leone. Paper presented at the Canadian Association of African Studies, Montreal, May 2-5.
• Kpundeh, Sahr John. 2005. ―The Big Picture: Building a Sustainable Reform Movement against Corruption in Africa. Ch 5 (pp. 73-94) in Michael Johnston (ed.), Civil Society and Corruption: Mobilizing for Reform. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
• Langan, Patricia, and Brian Cooksey. 1995. ―The National Integrity System in Tanzania. Washington, D.C.: EDI-World Bank.
• Langseth, Petter (ed.). 1995. Uganda: Landmarks in Rebuilding a Nation. Kampala, Uganda: Fountain Publishers.
• Langseth, Petter. 1995. ―Civil Service Reform in Uganda: Lessons Learned. EDI Working Papers Number 95-05. Washington, D.C.: EDI-World Bank.
• Langseth, Petter. 1995. Civil Service Reform in Anglophone Africa. Washington, D.C.: EDI-World Bank.
• Laurie, Charles (2008). Every Man Has His Price: The Story of Collusion and Corruption in the Scramble for Rhodesia. Lanham : University Press of America.
• Lawson, Letitia. The Politics of Anti-Corruption Reform in Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 47: 73-100.
• Lewis, Peter. 1996. "From Prebendalism to Predation: The Political Economy of Decline in Nigeria." Journal of Modern African Studies 34:1.
• LeVine, V. 1975. Political Corruption: The Ghana Case. Stanford: Hoover Institution.
• Levy, Brian, and Sahr Kpundeh. 2004. Building State Capacity in Africa: New Approaches, Emerging Lessons, Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
• Lewis, Peter. (ed.) 1998. Africa: Dilemmas of Development and Change. Boulder: Westview.
• Leys, Colin. 1965. "What is the Problem about Corruption?" Journal of Modern African Studies 3:2, 215-230.
• Lodge, Tom. (2003). Politics in South Africa: from Mandela to Mbeki. [2nd ed.] Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
• Makumbe, John. 1994. "Bureaucratic Corruption in Zimbabwe: Causes and Magnitude of the Problem. Africa Development 19:3, 45-60.
• Mbaku, John Mukum (1997). Institutions and Reform in Africa: The Public Choice Perspective. Westport, Conn.: Praeger.
• Mbaku, John Mukum; Ihonvbere, Julius Omozuanvbo. 1998. Multiparty Democracy and Political Change: Constraints to Democratization in Africa. Aldershot; Brookfield USA: Ashgate.
• Mbaku, John Mukum. (2000). Bureaucratic and Political Corruption in Africa: The Public Choice Perspective. Malabar, Fla.: Krieger Pub. Co.
• Meagher, Patrick. 1997. ―Combating Corruption in Africa: Institutional Challenges and Responses. University of Maryland, IRIS Working Paper No. 203.
• Mhembere, N and C. Rukobo. 1992. "Of Fraud and Corruption: Experiences of Other African Countries." Zimbabwe Institute of Public Administration and Management.
• Michael, Bryane. What do African Donor-Sponsored Anti-Corruption Programmes Teach Us About International Development in Africa? Social Policy and Administration; 38: 320-345.
• Munslow, Barry. 1999. "Angola: The Politics of Unsustainable Development." Third World Quarterly -Journal of Emerging Areas 20: 3, 551-568.
• Nwankwo, Sonny; Richards, Darlington C. 2001. "Privatization - The Myth of Free Market Orthodoxy in Sub-Saharan Africa." International Journal of Public Sector Management 14:2, 165-180.
• Nyong‘o, P. Anyang‘. 1989. ―State and Society in Kenya: The Disintegration of the Nationalist Coalitions and the Rise of Presidential Authoritarianism 1963-78.‖ African Affairs 88: 229-251.
• Olowu, Dele. 1988. "Bureaucratic Morality in Africa." International Political Science Review 9:1, 215-229.
• Olowu, Dele. 1993. "Governmental Corruption and Africa's Democratization Efforts." Corruption and Reform 7:3, 227-236.
• Olowu, Dele. 1993. "Corruption in Nigeria: Causes, Consequences and Remedies." In Rasheed, Sadig and Dele Olowu (eds.), Ethics and Accountability in African Public Services. African Association for Public Administration and Management.
• Olowu, Dele. 1993. "Organizational and Institutional Mechanisms for Ensuring Accountability in Africa: A Review." In Rasheed, Sadig and Dele Olowa, eds. Ethics and Accountability in African Public Services. African Association for Public Administration and Management.
• Otobo, Dafe. (2007). Malthouse Monographs on Africa. Lagos: Malthouse Press.
• Pope, Jeremy. 1995. "Elements of a Successful Anti-corruption Strategy." Integrity Workshop in Uganda II, Final Workshop Proceedings, Mukono, Uganda, 27-28 November.
• Pope, Jeremy. 1995. "Ethics, Transparency and Accountability." In Petter Langseth, ed. Civil Service Reform in Anglophone Africa. Washington, D.C.: EDI-World Bank, 1995.
• Poteete, Amy R. 2003. ―When Professionalism Clashes with Local Particularities: Ecology, Elections and Procedural Arrangements in Botswana. Journal of Southern African Studies, 29: 461-485.
• Rasheed, Sadig and Dele Olowu (eds). 1993. Ethics and Accountability in African Public Services. African Association for Public Administration and Management.
• Rees, Merlyn (1980). Muldergate: The Story of the Info Scandal. Johannesburg : Macmillan South Africa.
• Riley, Stephen P. 1983. "The Land of Waving Palms: Political Economy, Corruption Inquiries and Politics in Sierra Leone." In Michael Clarke, ed. Corruption: Causes, Consequences, and Control. London: Frances Pinter.
• Riley, Stephen P. 1993. "Post-independence Anti-corruption Strategies and the Contemporary Effects of Democratization." Corruption and Reform 7:3, 249-261.
• Riley, Stephen P. 1998. Political Economy of Anti-Corruption Strategies in Africa. In Mark Robinson (ed.), Corruption and Development. London and Portland (Ore.): Frank Cass.
• Robinson, D. 1990. Civil Service Pay in Africa. Geneva: International Labour Office, 1990.
• Rodgers, E. J. 2006. Conflict diamonds: Certification and corruption—A case study of Sierra Leone. Journal of Financial Crime, 13: 267-276.
• Ross, Stanley D. 1992. ―The Rule of Law and Lawyers in Kenya.‖ Journal of Modern African Studies 30: 421-442.
• Rotberg, Robert I. (2003). Africa's Discontent: Coping With Human and Natural Disasters. Cambridge, Mass.; World Peace Foundation.
• Rotberg, Robert I. 2004. ―Strengthening African Leadership: There is Another Way.‖ Foreign Affairs, 83: 14-18.Russell, Alec (2000). Big Men, Little People: The Leaders Who Defined Africa. New York, N.Y.: New York University Press.
• Ruzindana, Augustine/ 1994. "Combating Corruption in Africa: The Case of Uganda." Paper delivered at the World Bank, Washington D.C.
• Ruzindana, Augustine. 1997. ―The Importance of Leadership in Fighting Corruption in Uganda. Ch. 7 (pp. 133-145) in Kimberly Ann Elliott (ed.), Corruption and the Global Economy. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics.
• Samatar, Abdi Ismail, and Sophie Oldfield. 1995. ―Class and Effective State Institutions: The Botswana Meat Commission.‖ Journal of Modern African Studies 33: 651-668.
• Schmidt-Soltau, Kai. 1999. Cameroon: Living on the Edge of a Volcano: The Eruption of Democracy and its Enemies. Douala, Bonaberi [Cameroon]: Tencam Press.
• Sherk, Donald. 2005. ―The Cultural Dimensions of Corruption: Reflections on Nigeria.Ch 4 (pp. 61-70) in Michael Johnston (ed.), Civil Society and Corruption: Mobilizing for Reform. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
• Stapenhurst, Rick & Kpundeh , Sahr J. (1999). Curbing Corruption: Toward A Model for Building National Integrity. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
• Szeftel, M, 1982. "Political Graft and the Spoils System in Zambia--the State as a Resource in Itself." Review of African Political Economy 24.
• Tambulasi, Richard I. C. All That Glisters is Not Gold: New Public Management and Corruption in Malawi's Local Governance. Development Southern Africa, 26:173-188.
• Tangri, Roger; Mwenda, Andrew. 2001. "Corruption and Cronyism in Uganda's Privatization in the 1990s." African Affairs 100: 398, p. 117.
• Theobald, Robin. 1994. "Lancing the Swollen African State: Will it Alleviate the Problem of Corruption?" The Journal of Modern African Studies 32:4, 701-706.
• Torenvlied, R.; Haarhuis, C. M. Polarization and Policy Reform: Anti-Corruption Policymaking in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Peace Research, 45: 223-240.
• Tsie, Balefi. 1996. ―The Political Context of Botswana's Development Performance.‖ Journal of Southern African Studies 22: 599-616.
• Whitman, Daniel. Afraid of Our Shadow: Corruption Devours Africa's Middle Class. Foreign Service Journal, 85: 44-48.
• Williams, Robert. 1987. Political Corruption in Africa. Aldershot: Gower.
• Wood, Steven. "Capture" and the South African Judicial Inspectorate of Prisons: A Micro-Level Analysis. International Criminal Justice Review, 19:46-63.

• Akhter, Muhammad Yeahia. 2001. Electoral Corruption in Bangladesh. Aldershot: Ashgate.
• Alatas, Syed Hussein: Corruption and the Destiny of Asia. 1999. Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia: Prentice Hall (M) Sdn. Bhd./Simon and Schuster (Asia) Pte. Ltd.
• Alfiler, Ma. Concepcion P. 1986. "The Process of Bureaucratic Corruption in Asia: Emerging Patterns." In L. V. Cariño, ed., Bureaucratic Corruption in Asia: Causes,Consequences, and Control. (Quezon City: JMC Press).
• Aquino, Belinda. 1987. Politics of Plunder: The Philippines under Marcos, Quezon City, Philippines: Great Books Trading; U.P. College of Public Administration.
• Aquino, Belinda. 1999. The Transnational Dynamics of the Marcos Plunder, Quezon City: National College of Public Administration and Governance, University of the Philippines.
• Arvis, Jean-Francois and Donald E. Berenbeim. 2003. Fighting Corruption in East Asia: Solutions from the Private Sector. Washington, The World Bank.
• Asian Development Bank/OECD. 1999. Combating Corruption in Asian and Pacific Economies. Manila: ADB/OECD.
• Asian Development Bank/OECD. 2004. Anti-Corruption Policies in Asia and the Pacific: The Legal and Institutional Frameworks for Fighting Corruption in Twenty-one Asian and Pacific Countries. Manila: Asian Development Bank.
• Backman, Michael. 1999. Asian Eclipse: Exposing the Dark Side of Business in Asia. Singapore/New York/Chichester/Brisbane/Toronto/Weinheim: John Wiley and Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd.
• Batalla, Eric C. 2000. ―De-Institutionalizing Corruption in the Philippines: Identifying Strategic Requirements for Reinventing Institutions. Philippines: Transparent Accountable Governance. Online
• Baum, Richard. 1991. Reform and Reaction in Post-Mao China: The Road to Tiananmen, New York: Routledge.
• Beck, Peter M. 1998. ―Revitalizing Korea‘s Chaebol. Asian Survey 38: 1018-1035.
• Berkofsky, Axel. 2002. ―Corruption and Bribery in Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Cardiff, CA: Japan Policy Research Institute, Working Paper No. 86, June. Online
• Bhargava, Vinay and Emil Bolongaita. 2004. Challenging Corruption in Asia: Case Studies and a Framework for Action. Washington: The World Bank.
• Bo Zhiyue. 2000. "Economic Development and Corruption: Beijing beyond 'Beijing'." Journal of Contemporary China 9, no. 25: 467-487.
• Boisseau, Jean-Marie. 1997. ―Gifts, Networks and Clienteles: Corruption in Japan as a Redistributive System.‖ in Donatella della Porta and Yves Meny, eds., Democracy and Corruption in Europe, London: Pinter, 9:132-147.
• Brown, L.; Wilson, P. Putting the crime back into terrorism: The Philippines perspective. Asian Journal of Criminology, 2: 35-46.
• Buddenberg, D.; Byrd, W. A. 2006. Afghanistan's drug industry: Structure, functioning, dynamics and implications for counter-narcotics policy. Labul, Afghanistan: United Nations Office on Crime and Drugs & World Bank.
• Byun, S.; Ruiz, J. M. Corruption and politics within the South Korean government. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 9: 226-243.
• Caiden, Gerald E. and Jung H. Kim. 1993. ―A New Anti-Corruption Strategy for Korea." Asian Journal of Political Science 1(1) (June).
• Carbonell-Catilo, A. 1985. "The Dynamics of Manipulation and Violence in Philippine Elections: A Case of Political Corruption". XIII World Congress, International Political Science Association, Paris.
• Carino, Ledivinia V. ed. 1988. Bureaucratic Corruption in Asia: Causes, Consequences and Controls. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Castberg, Anthony Didrick. 1997. ―Prosecutorial Independence in Japan. UCLA Pacific Basin Law Review 16: 38-87.
• Chan, Jenny C. Y. 2005. ―Language, Culture, and Reform in Hong Kong. Ch 6 (pp. 95113) in Michael Johnston (ed.), Civil Society and Corruption: Mobilizing for Reform. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
• Chan, K. 2001. "Uncertainty, Acculturation, and Corruption in Hong Kong." International Journal of Public Administration 24:9, p. 909.
• Chang, S. J. 2002. ―Cultural Heritage and Financial Ethics in Korea. presented at the Korea Finance Association Meetings, November 2002, Chunchon, Korea, Online
• Cheng Tun-jen and Chu Yun-han. 2002. ―State-Business Relations in South Korea and Taiwan. in Laurence Whitehead, ed., Emerging Market Democracies: East Asia and Latin America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 3: 31-62.
• Cheng Wenhao. 2004. ―An Empirical Study of Corruption within China‘s State-owned Enterprises. The China Review 4:55-80.
• Cho Juyeong. 2004. The Interaction of Exogenous Forces and Domestic Political Institutions in Bank Reform: Korea and Japan. Presented at 45th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association, Montréal, March 20. Online
• Choi, Eun Kyong, and Kate Xiao Zhou. 2001. ―Entrepreneurs and Politics in the Chinese Transitional Economy: Political Connections and Rent-Seeking. The China Review 1: 111-135.
• Chow, Daniel C. K. 1997. "An Analysis of the Political Economy of China's Enterprise Conglomerates: A Study of the Electric Power Industry in China." Law and Policy in International Business 28: 383-433.
• Christensen, Raymond V. 1996. ―Strategic Imperatives of Japan's SNTV Electoral System. Comparative Political Studies 29: 312-334.
• Christensen, Raymond V. 1998. ―Putting New Wine into Old Bottles: The Effect of Electoral Reforms on Campaign Practices in Japan. Asian Survey 38: 986-1004.
• Chung, Bom-Mo. 1999.―Korean Society‘s Modernization and Incongruity Koreana 13:1 (Spring), pp. 26-31.
• Clark, David, 1985, 'Dirigisme in an Asian City-State: Hong Kong's ICAC.' Paper presented at the XIII World Congress, International Political Science Association, Paris.
• Clifford, Mark L. 1994. Troubled Tiger: Businessmen, Bureaucrats, and Generals in South Korea, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
• Cole, William S. 2001. ―Roots of Corruption in the Indonesian System of Governance. in Wilson International Center for Scholars, ―Old Game or New? Corruption in Today‘s Indonesia. Asia Program Special Report 100: 13-18.
• Coronel, Sheila S., and Cecile C. A. Balgos.1998. Pork and Other Perks: Corruption and Governance in the Philippines, Pasig, Metro Manila: Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism, Evelio B. Javier Foundation, Institute for Popular Democracy.
• Coronel, Sheila S., ed. 2000. Investigating Estrada: Millions, Mansions and Mistresses. Metro Manila: Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. 22
• Cox, Gary W., Frances McCall Rosenbluth, and Michael F. Thies.1999. ―Electoral Reform and the Fate of Factions: The Case of Japan's Liberal Democratic Party. British Journal of Political Science 29: 33-56.
• Das, S. K. 2001. Public Office, Private Interest: Bureaucracy and Corruption in India. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
• de Speville, B.E.D. 1997. "The Experience of Hong Kong in Combating Corruption. In Rick Stapenhurst and Sahr Kpundeh, eds. Fighting Corruption: Lessons of Experience. EDI Seminar Series, World Bank.
• Ding, X. L. 2001. "The quasi-criminalization of a business sector in China." Crime, Law, and Social Change 35: 3, pp. 177-201.
• Dryer, June Teufel. 1994. "The People's Army: Serving Whose Interests?" Current History 5.
• Fabre, Guilhem. 2001. State, Corruption, and Criminalisation in China. International Social Science Journal 53: 459-466.
• Feinerman, James. 2000. The Limits of the Rule of Law in China, Seattle: University of Washington Press.
• Fleeson, Lucinda. 2005. ―Helping Armenian Reporters Dig Deeper. Nieman Reports, Harvard University. 59:2 (Summer), pg 78.
• Florini, Ann. 2000. The Third Force: The Rise of Transnational Civil Society. Tokyo: Japan Center for International Exchange; Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: Brookings Institution Press, 2000.
• Fukui, Haruhiko, and Shigeko N. Fukai. 1996. ―Pork Barrel Politics, Networks, and Local Economic Development in Contemporary Japan. Asian Survey 36:3.
• Gold, Thomas, Doug Guthrie, and David Wank.,eds., 2002. Social Connections in China: Institutions, Culture, and the Changing Nature of Guanxi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Goldman, Merle, and Roderick MacFarquhar. (eds.). 1999. The Paradox of China‘s Post-Mao Reforms, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
• Gong, Ting (Kung T`ing). 1994. The Politics of Corruption in Contemporary China: An Analysis of Policy Outcomes. Westport, CT: Praeger.
• Gong, Ting. 1997. ―Forms and Characteristics of China's Corruption in the 1990s: Change With Continuity. Communist and Post-Communist Studies 30: 277-288.
• Gong, Ting. 2002. ―Dangerous Collusion: Corruption as a Collective Venture in Contemporary China. Communist and Post-Communist Studies 35: 85-103.
• Gong, T.; Ma, S. K.; Wedeman, A. Corruption and anti-corruption reform in and beyond China, Part I: China: A corruption-embattled country. Crime, Law and Social Change: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 49: 1-79.
• Goodman, David S. G. 1994. Corruption in the People's Liberation Army. Murdoch, Western Australia: Asia Research Centre, Murdoch University.
• Ha Yong-Chool. 2001. ―South Korea in 2000: A Summit and the Search for New Institutional Identity. Asian Survey 41: 30-39.
• Hao, Yufan. 1999. ―From Rule of Man to Rule of Law: An Unintended Consequence of Corruption in China in the 1990s. Journal of Contemporary China 8: 405-423.
• Hao, Yufan and Michael Johnston. 1995. ―Reform at the Crossroads: An Analysis of Chinese Corruption. Asian Perspective 19(1): 117-49.
• Hao, Yufan, and Michael Johnston. 2002. ―Corruption and the Future of Economic Reform in China. Ch. 31 (pp. 583-604) in Arnold J. Heidenheimer and Michael
• Johnston (eds.), Political Corruption: Concepts and Contexts (3rd ed.). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
• Hawes, Gary. 1987. The Philippine State and the Marcos Regime: The Politics of Export, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
• Hornick, Robert N. 2001. ―A Foreign Lawyer‘s Perspective on Corruption in Indonesia. in Wilson International Center for Scholars, ―Old Game or New? Corruption in Today‘s Indonesia. Asia Program Special Report No. 100, pp. 9-12.
• Hsu, Carolyn L. 2001. "Political Narratives and the Production of Legitimacy: The Case of Corruption in Post-Mao China." Qualitative Sociology 24: 1, pp. 25-54.
• Hutchcroft, Paul D. 1991. ―Oligarchs and Cronies in the Philippine State: The Politics of Patrimonial Plunder. World Politics 43: 414-450.
• Hutchcroft, Paul D. 1998. Booty Capitalism: The Politics of Banking in the Philippines, Ithaca, NY: Cornell U. P.
• Hutchcroft, Paul D. 2000. ―Colonial Masters, National Politicos, and Provincial Lords: Central Authority and Local Autonomy in the American Philippines, 1900-1913. Journal of Asian Studies 59: 277-306.
• Hutchcroft, Paul D. 2002. ―The Politics of Privilege: Rents and Corruption in Asia. in Arnold J. Heidenheimer and Michael Johnston, eds., Political Corruption: Concepts and Contexts (3rd ed.). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 27: 489-512.
• Hutchcroft, Paul D. 2003. ―Reflections on a Reverse Image: South Korea Under Park Chung Hee and the Philippines Under Ferdinand Marcos,  presented at The East Asia Institute, Korea University, and the Asia Center, Harvard University, 2000; revised 2003.
• Hutchcroft, Paul D., and Joel Rocamora. 2003. ―Strong Demands and Weak Institutions: The Origins and Evolution of the Democratic Deficit in the Philippines, Journal of East Asian Studies 3: 259.292.
• Hwang Jon-Sung. 1997. ―Analysis of the Structure of the Korean Political Elite, Korea Journal.
• Hwang, Kelley K. 1996. ―South Korea‘s Bureaucracy and the Informal Politics of Economic Development. Asian Survey 36: 306-319.
• Iga Mamoru, and Morton Auerbach. 1977. ―Political Corruption and Social Structure in Japan, Asian Survey 17, 556-564.
• Igaya, G. Luis. (ed.) 1999.Transitions to Democracy in East and Southeast Asia. Quezon City, Philippines: Institute for Popular Democracy.
• International Crisis Group. 2002. ―Central Asia: The Politics of Police Reform, Brussels: International Crisis Group.
• Jiao, A. Y. (2007). The police in Hong Kong: A contemporary view. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
• Johannen, Uwe, and James Gomez. 2001. Democratic Transitions in Asia. Singapore: Select (with Friedrich Naumann Fdn).
• Johnson, Chalmers A. 1982. MITI and the Japanese Miracle. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
• Johnson, Chalmers. 1987. ―Political Institutions and Economic Performance: The Government-Business Relationship in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan, in F. Deyo, ed., The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
• Johnson, Chalmers A. 1995. Japan: Who Governs? The Rise of the Developmental State. New York: Norton.
• Johnson, David Ted. 2001. ―Bureaucratic Corruption in Japan. Cardiff, CA: Japan Policy Research Institute. JPRI working paper no. 76.
• Johnson, David Ted. 2000. ―Why the Wicked Sleep: The Prosecution of Political Corruption in Postwar Japan. Asian Perspective 24: 59-77. Online as a 1997 working paper, Japan Policy Research Institute. Online
• Johnson, David Ted. 2001. ―Bureaucratic Corruption in Japan. Cardiff, CA: Japan Policy Research Institute, Working Paper 76 (April).
• Johnston, Michael, and Yufan Hao. 1995. "China's Surge of Corruption. Journal of Democracy 6: 80-94.
• Jordan, Ann D. 1997. "Lost in the Translation: Two Legal Cultures, the Common Law Judiciary and the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region." Cornell International Law Journal 30: 335-380.
• Kang, David C. 2002. Crony Capitalism: Corruption and Development in South Korea and the Philippines. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Kang, David C. 2002. Bad Loans to Good Friends: Money Politics and the Developmental State in Korea. International Organization 56:1.
• Karmel, Solomon M. 1996. ―Securities Markets and China's International Economic Integration. Journal of International Affairs 49: 525-556.
• Katz, Richard. 2003. Japanese Phoenix: The Long Road to Economic Revival, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
• Khan, Mushtaq. 1997. "Corruption in South Asia: Patterns of Development and Change." Paper presented at the Workshop on Corruption and Development, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, May 6, 1997.
• Khan, Mushtaq H. 2002. ―Patron-Client Networks and the Economic Effects of Corruption in Asia. In Heidenheimer, Arnold J., and Michael Johnston (eds.). Political Corruption: Concepts and Contexts (3d ed.). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 467-488.
• Khanna, J.; Johnston, M. India's middlemen: Connecting by corrupting?. Crime, Law and Social Change: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 48: 151-168.
• Kim Joongi. 2002. ―Clientelism and Corruption in South Korea. in Kotkin, Stephen, and András Sajó. 2002. Political Corruption in Transition: A Skeptic's Handbook, Budapest; New York: Central European University Press 167-185.
• Kim Young Jong. 1994. Bureaucratic Corruption: The Case of Korea, Seoul: Chomyung Press (4th ed.).
• Kim Young Jong. 1997. Korean Public Administration and Corruption Studies. Seoul, Korea: Hak Mun Publishing (2d ed.).
• King, Dwight Y. 2000. ―Corruption in Indonesia: A Curable Cancer?. Journal of International Affairs 53: 603-624.
• Kipnis, Andrew B. 1997. Producing Guanxi: Sentiment, Self, and Subculture in a North China Village. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.
• Kiser, Edgar, and Tong Xiaoxi. 1992. Determinants of the Amount and Type of Corruption in State Fiscal Bureaucracies: An Analysis of Late Imperial China. Comparative Political Studies 25: 300-331.
• Koo, Hagen., ed., 1993. State and Society in Contemporary Korea. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
• Koo, Hagen. 2002. ―Civil Society and Democracy in South Korea. The Good Society 11: 2, pp. 40-45.
• Ku, Hok Bun. 2003. Moral Politics in a South Chinese Village: Responsibility, Reciprocity, and Resistance, Lanham, MD.: Rowman & Littlefield.
• Kwong, Julia. 1997. The Political Economy of Corruption in China, Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, c1997.
• Lee, Peter N. S. 1990. Bureaucratic Corruption during the Deng Xiaoping Era. Corruption and Reform 5: 29-47.
• Li, Ke, Russell Smyth, and Yao Shuntian. 2002. ―Institutionalized Corruption and Privilege in China's Socialist Market Economy: A General Equilibrium Analysis. Clayton, Victoria: Monash University, Department of Economics discussion papers October, 2002.
• Li Lianjiang. 2001. ―Support for Anti-corruption Campaigns in Rural China. Journal of Contemporary China 10: 573-586.
• Liddle, R. William. 1985. ―Soeharto‘s Indonesia: Personal Rule and Political Institutions. Pacific Affairs 58: 68-90.
• Liddle, R. William. 1996. ―Indonesia‘s Democratic Past and Future. Comparative Politics 24: 443-462.
• Liu, Alan P. L. 1983. "The Politics of Corruption in the People's Republic of China. American Political Science Review 77: 602-623.
• Liu, Chuang-chu, and Rance Pui-leung Lee. 1978. Bureaucratic Corruption in Nineteenth-Century China, Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, Social Research Centre.
• Lo, T. Wing (Tit Wing). 1993. Corruption and Politics in Hong Kong and China, Buckingham and Philadelphia: Open University Press, 1993.
• Lui, Adam Y. C. 1979. Corruption in China During the Early Ch‘ing Period 1644-1660, Centre of Asian Studies Occasional Papers and Monographs 39.
• Lü Xiaobo. 1999. ―From Rank-Seeking to Rent-Seeking: Changing Administrative Ethos and Corruption in Reform China. Crime, Law, and Social Change 32: 347-370.
• Lü Xiaobo. 2001. Cadres and Corruption: The Organizational Involution of the Chinese Communist Party. Stanford: Stanford University Press; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Makarim, Nono Anwar. 2001. ―A Path through the Rainforest: Anti-Corruption in Indonesia. In Wilson International Center for Scholars, ―Old Game or New? Corruption in Today‘s Indonesia. Asia Program Special Report 100, pp. 4-8.
• Malley, Michael S. 2003. ―Indonesia in 2002: The Rising Cost of Inaction. Asian Survey 43: 135-146.
• Manion, Melanie. 1996. ―Policy Instruments and Political Context: Transforming a Culture of Corruption in Hong Kong. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Asian Studies, 1996.
• Manion, Melanie. 2004. Corruption by Design: Building Clean Government in Mainland China and Hong Kong, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
• McCoy, Alfred W. 1989. Closer Than Brothers: Manhood at the Philippine Military Academy, New Haven: Yale University Press.
• McCoy, Alfred W. 1989. "Quezon's Commonwealth: The Emergence of Philippine Authoritarianism. In Ruby R. Paredes, ed., Philippine Colonial Democracy, New Haven: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies Monograph 32.
• McCoy, Alfred W. 1993. ―Rent-Seeking Families and the Philippine State: A History of the Lopez Family. in Alfred W. McCoy, ed., An Anarchy of Families: State and Family in the Philippines, Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, in cooperation with Ateneo de Manila University Press, pp. 429-536.
• McFarlane, John. Transnational crime, corruption, and crony capitalism in the twenty-first century: An Asia-Pacific perspective. Transnational Organized Crime, 4: 1-30.
• McGowen, Richard S. 2003. ―Central Asian Drug Trafficking Dilemma. Monterey, California.: Naval Postgraduate School; Springfield, Va.
• Mishima Ko. 1998. ―The Changing Relationship between Japan‘s LDP and the Bureaucracy: Hashimoto‘s Administrative Reform Effort and its Politics. Asian Survey 38: 968-985.
• Mitchell, Richard H. 1996. Political Bribery in Japan, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
• Montesano, Michael J. 2004. ―The Philippines in 2003. Asian Survey 44: 93-101.
• Montinola, Gabriella. 1993. ―The Foundations of Political Corruption: Insights from the Philippine Case. Asian Journal of Political Science 2: 86-113.
• Montinola, Gabriella. 1999. Politicians, Parties, and the Persistence of Weak States: Lessons from the Philippines. Development and Change 30: 739-774.
• Moon Chung-in and Kim Song-min. 2000. ―Democracy and Economic Performance in South Korea.‖ in Larry Diamond and Byung-Kook Kim, eds., Consolidating Democracy in South Korea, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner 6:139-172.
• Moran, Jonathan. 1998. ―Corruption and NIC Development: A Case Study of South Korea.‖ Crime, Law and Social Change 29: 161-177.
• Moran, Jon. 1999. ―Patterns of Corruption and Development in East Asia‖ Third World Quarterly 20:3, p. 569.Myrdal, Gunnar. 2002 ed. ―Corruption as a Hindrance to Development in South Asia .―Selection 16 (pp. 265-279) in Arnold J. Heidenheimer and Michael Johnston (eds.), Political Corruption: Concepts and Contexts (3rd ed.). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
• Nichols, Philip M. 1997. "The Viability of Transplanted Law: Kazakhstani Reception of a Transplanted Foreign Investment Code." University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law 18: 1235-1279.
• Neher, Clark D. 1977. "Political Corruption in a Thai Province." The Journal of Developing Areas 11:4, 484-489.
• Neher, Clark D. 1994. ―Asian Style Democracy. Asian Survey 34: 949-961.
• Oi, Jean C. 1991. "Partial Reform and Corruption in Rural China.‖ in Richard Baum, ed., China's Post-Mao Reforms: A Comparative Assessment. New York: Routledge, pp.143-161.
• Oldenburg, Philip. 1987. ―Middlemen in Third-World Corruption: Implications of an Indian Case. World Politics 39:4, 508-535.
• Park Byeong-Seog. 1995. ―Political Corruption in South Korea: Concentrating on the Dynamics of Party Politics.‖ Asian Perspective 19:163-193.
• Pascha, Werner. 1999. ―Corruption in Japan: An Economist‘s Perspective. Based on discussant comments for panel on ―Shadow Politics: Political Corruption in Japan. Annual Meeting of the Association for Asian Studies, Boston. Online
• Pasuk Phongpaichit and Sangsit Phiriyarangsan. 1996. Corruption and Democracy inThailand. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books.
• PCIJ (Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism). 2000. ―Can Estrada Explain His Wealth? The State of the President's Finances. Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. Online
• Pei Minxin. 1999. ―Will China Become Another Indonesia? Foreign Policy 116: 94-108.
• Pei Minxin. 2002. China's Governance Crisis. Foreign Affairs 81: 96-109.
• Pempel, T. J. 1998. Regime Shift: Comparative Dynamics of the Japanese Political Economy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
• Peng, David R. Yusheng. 2004. ―Kinship Networks and Entrepreneurs in China's Transitional Economy. American Journal of Sociology 109: 1045-74.
• Perry, Elizabeth J. 1999. ―Crime, Corruption, and Contention. in Merle Goldman and Roderick MacFarquhar, eds., The Paradox of China‘s Post-Mao Reforms, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 14:308-329.
• Pharr, Susan J. 2000. "Officials' Misconduct and Public Distrust: Japan and the Trilateral Democracies." In Susan J. Pharr and Robert D. Putnam (eds.), Disaffected Democracies: What's Troubling the Trilateral Countries? Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Pharr, Susan. 2005. ―Contributions, Covenants, and Corruption: Politicians and Society in Japan. in Michael Johnston, ed., Civil Society and Corruption: Mobilizing for Reform, Lanham, MD: University Press of America, pp. 23-32.
• Phongpaichit, Pasuk and Sungsidh Piriyarangsan. 1994. Corruption and Democracy in Thailand. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
• Phongpaichit, Pasuk and Chris Baker. 1998. Thailand’s Boom and Bust. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
• Phongpaichit, Pasuk, Sungsidh Piriyarangsan and Nualnoi Treerat. 1998. Guns, Girls, Gambling, Ganja: Thailand’s Illegal Economy and Public Policy. Chiang Ma: Silkworm Books.
• Ping, H. Is money laundering a true problem in China?. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 50: 101-116.
• Presidential Anti-Graft Commission. 2008. Towards a Graft and Corruption-Free Philippines. Quezon City: Presidential Anti-Graft Commission.
• Pye, Lucian W. 1997. ―Money Politics and Transitions to Democracy in East Asia. Asian Survey 37: 213-228.
• Quah, Jon S.T . ―Tackling Bureaucratic Corruption: The ASEAN Experience. In Gerald E. Caiden and Heinrich Siedentopf (eds.), Strategies for Administrative Reform. Lexington: D.C. Heath and Company, 1982. Chapter 9, pp. 109-121.
• Quah, Jon S.T. 1989. "Singapore's Experience in Curbing Corruption." In Arnold J. Heidenheimer, Michael Johnston, and Victor T. LeVine (eds). Political Corruption: A Handbook New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1989, pp. 848-849.
• Quah, Jon S.T . 2006. "Preventing Police Corruption in Singapore: The Role of Recruitment, Training and Socialisation," Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 28: 59-75.
• Quah, Jon S.T . 2006. "Curbing Asian Corruption: An Impossible Dream?" Current History, 105:176-179.
• Quah, Jon S.T . 2004. "Best Practices for Curbing Corruption in Asia," The Governance Brief, Issue 11: 1-4.
• Quah, Jon S.T . 2001. ―Combating Corruption in Singapore: What Can Be Learnt? Paper presented at the Inaugural Regional Symposium of the Public Administration Theory Network, University of Western Sydney-Nepean in Sydney, Australia, July 22-24, 1999, 9 pages. This paper is published in Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 9: 29-36.
• Quah, Jon S.T . 1999. Singapore‘s Anti-Corruption Strategy: Some Lessons for South Korea, Korean Corruption Studies Review, 4: 173-193.
• Quah, Jon S.T . 1999. ―Corruption in Asian Countries: Can it be Minimized? Public Administration Review, 59: 483-494.
• Quah, Jon S.T . 1988. ―Corruption in Asia with Special Reference to Singapore: Patterns and Consequences, Asian Journal of Public Administration, 10: 80-98.
• Quah, Jon S.T . 1979. ―Police Corruption in Singapore: An Analysis of its Forms, Extent and Causes, Singapore Police Journal, 10: pp. 7-43.
• Quah, Jon S.T . 1978.―Police Corruption: A Review of the Literature, Singapore Police Journal, 9:40-46.
• Quah, Jon S.T . ―Comparing Anti-Corruption Measures in Asian Countries: Lessons to be Learnt, Paper presented at the UNDP Workshop on Promoting Integrity in Governance at the World Conference on Governance in Manila, Philippines, May 31-June 4, 1999, 32 pages. This paper is published by the Centre for Advanced Studies, National University of Singapore, in November 1999 as the CAS Research Papers Series No. 13, 36 pages. It is also published in Asian Review of Public Administration. (1999). 11: 71-90.
• Quah, Jon S.T . ―Globalization and Corruption Control in Asian Countries: The Case for Divergence. Keynote address presented at the Fourth International Research Symposium on Public Management in Rotterdam, April 10-11, 2000 (16 pages). This paper was published in Public Management Review. 2001. 3: 453-470.
• Quah, Jon S.T . "Corruption." In David Levinson and Karen Christensen (eds.), Encyclopedia of Modern Asia, Vol. 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002, pp. 175-180.
• Quah, Jon S.T . "Responses to Corruption in Asian Societies." In Arnold J. Heidenheimer and Michael Johnston (eds.), Political Corruption, Concepts and Contexts. 3rd ed. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2002. Chapter 28, pp. 513-532.
• Quah, Jon S.T . Singapore's Anti-Corruption Strategy: Is This Form of Governance Transferable to Other Asian Countries?" In John B. Kidd and Frank-Jurgen Richter (eds.), Corruption and Governance in Asia. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, Chapter 10, pp. 180-197.Quah, Jon S.T . "Combating Corruption in India: Some Lessons from Asian Experiences." In Stephen Howes et al. (eds.), State-level Reforms in India: Towards More Effective Government. New Delhi: Macmillan India, 2003. Chapter 9, pp. 84-97.
• Reed, Bradley Ward. 2000. Talons and Teeth: County Clerks and Runners in the Qing Dynasty, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
• Riedinger, Jeffrey. 1995. ―The Philippines in 1994: Renewed Growth and Contested Reforms. Asian Survey 35: 209-216.
• Ringuet, Daniel Joseph, and Elsa Estrada. 2003. ―Understanding the Philippines' Economy and Politics since the Return of Democracy in 1986. Contemporary Southeast Asia 25: 233-240.
• Root, Hilton L. 1996. Small Countries, Big Lessons: Governance and the Rise of East Asia, New York: Asian Development Bank and Oxford University Press.
• Robertson-Snape, Fiona. 1999. ―Corruption, Collusion, and Nepotism in Indonesia. Third World Quarterly 20: 589-602.
• Samuels, Richard J. 2001. ―Kishi and Corruption: An Anatomy of the 1955 System. Cardiff, CA: Japan Policy Research Institute, working paper 83. Online
• Sands, Barbara N. 1990. "Decentralizing an Economy: The Role of Bureaucratic Corruption in China's Economic Reforms." Public Choice 65:1, 85-91.
• Schlesinger, Jacob. 1997. Shadow Shoguns: The Rise and Fall of Japan's Post-War Political Machine. New York: Simon and Schuster.
• Schopf, James C. 2001. ―An Explanation for the End of Political Bank Robbery in the Republic of Korea. Asian Survey 41: 693-715.
• Schoppa, Leonard. 2001. ―Japan, the Reluctant Reformer. Foreign Affairs 76-90.
• Seagrave, Sterling. 1988. The Marcos Dynasty, New York: Harper & Row.
• Seligmann, Albert L. 1997 ―Japan's New Electoral System. Asian Survey 37: 409-428.
• Shin, Doh C. 1999. Mass Politics and Culture in Democratizing Korea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Sidel, John T. 1997. ―Philippine Politics in Town, District, and Province: Bossism in Cavite and Cebu. Journal of Asian Studies 56: 947-966.
• Sidel, John T. 2000. Capital, Coercion, and Crime: Bossism in the Philippines, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
• Srivastava, C. P. 2001. Corruption: India's Enemy Within. New Delhi: Macmillan India.
• Stanley, Peter W. 1974. A Nation in the Making: The Philippines and the United States, 1899-1921, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
• Steinberg, David I. 2000. ―Continuing Democratic Reform: The Unfinished Symphony. In Larry Diamond and Byung-Kook Kim, Consolidating Democracy in South Korea, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner 8:203-238.
• Sun, Yan. 2001. "The Politics of Conceptualizing Corruption in Reform China." Crime, Law, and Social Change 35: 3, 245-270.
• Sun, Yan. 2004. Corruption and Market in Contemporary China, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
• Tachino, Junji. 1999. ―Political Corruption and Governmental Credibility in Japan. University of California-San Diego, Research Program on the Pacific Rim, working paper. Online
• Tanner, Murray Scot. 1999. The Politics of Lawmaking in Post-Mao China: Institutions, Processes, and Democratic Prospects. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Tat Yan Kong. 1996. ―Corruption and its Institutional Foundations: The Experience of South Korea. IDS Bulletin 27:2.
• Tendler, Judith. 1979. "Rural Works Programs in Bangladesh Community, Technology and Graft." Prepared for the Transportation Department of the World Bank, Washington,DC.
• Vyas, Lina. 2001. "Corruption and Anti-Corruption Measures in the Indian Public Sector." Asian Profile 29:2, p. 133.
• Wade, Robert. 1982. "The System of Administrative and Political Corruption: Canal Irrigation in South India." Journal of Developmental Studies 18: 287-328.
• Wade, Robert. 1985. "The Market for Public Office: Why the Indian State is Not Better at Development." World Development 13:4, 467-497.
• Wagle, Swarnim, and Parmesh Shah. 2003. ―Bangalore, India: Participatory Approaches to Budgeting and Public Expenditure Management. Social Development Notes 70, Washington, DC: The World Bank.
• Warren, James Francis. 1985. The Sulu Zone, 1768-1898, Quezon City: New Day Publishers.
• Wedeman, Andrew. 1997. ―Stealing from the Farmers: Institutional Corruption and the 1992 IOU Crisis. China Quarterly 152 : 805-831.
• Wedeman, Andrew. 2004. ―Great Disorder under Heaven: Endemic Corruption and Rapid Growth in Contemporary China. The China Review 4:1-32.
• Werner, Simcha B. 1989. "The Development of Political Corruption in Israel." In Political Corruption: A Handbook, eds. Arnold J. Heidenheimer, Michael Johnston, and Victor T. LeVine. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
• Wong, Linda. 2004. ―Market Reforms, Globalization and Social Justice in China. Journal of Contemporary China 13: 151-171.
• Woo, Jung Eun (Meredith Woo-Cumings). 1991. Race to the Swift: State and Finance in Korean Industrialization, New York: Columbia University Press.
• Woo-Cumings, Meredith. 1999b. ―The State, Democracy, and the Reform of the Corporate Sector in Korea. In T. J. Pempel (ed). The Politics of the Asian Economic Crisis. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
• Woodall, Brian. 1996. Japan under Construction: Corruption, Politics, and Public Works, Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Yao Shuntian. 2002. ―Privilege and Corruption: The Problems of China‘s Socialist Market Economy. American Journal of Economics and Sociology 61: 279-299.
• Yu, C.; Chen, C.; Juang, W. Corruption and anti-corruption reform in and beyond China, Part III: Cross-regional perspectives on corruption. Crime, Law and Social Change: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 49: 167-239.
• Zhang, L.; Messner, S. F.; Liu, J. Crime and criminal justice in China: The current knowledge base and prospects for future research. Crime, Law and Social Change: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 50: 125-262.
• Zhao, Yuezhi. 1998. Media, Market, and Democracy in China: Between the Party Line and the Bottom Line. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
• Zhu, Q.; Chan, H. S.; Gao, J. Corruption and anti-corruption reform in and beyond China, Part II: Anti-corruption reform—Strategies and tactics. Crime, Law and Social Change: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 49: 81-165.

• Alam, M. S. 1995. ―A Theory of Limits on Corruption and Some Applications. Kyklos 48(3): 419–35.
• Barro, Robert J. 1997. Determinants of Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Empirical Study. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
• Bertrand, Jacques. 1998. "Growth and Democracy in Southeast Asia." Comparative Politics 30:3 (April), pp. 355-375.
• Beyer, Jurgen, Jan Wielgohs, and Helmut Wiesenthal. 2001. Successful Transitions: Political Factors of Socio-Economic Progress in Postsocialist Countries.Baden-Baden: Nomos.
• Blanchard, Olivier and Andrei Shleifer. 2001. ―Federalism with and without Political Centralization: China versus Russia. Washington, DC: IMF Staff Papers 48 , pg. 171.
• Bowornwathana, B. and Wescott C. (2008). Comparative Governance Reform in Asia: Democracy, Corruption, and Government Trust. Bingley, UK: Emerald/JAI.
• Brunetti, Aymo. 1997. "Political Variables in Cross-Country Growth Analysis." Journal of Economic Surveys 11(2): 163-190.
• Castberg, Anthony Didrick. 2000. ―Corruption in Japan and the US. United Nations Asia and Far East Institute, Resource Material Series 56. Collier, David, and S. Levitsky. 1997. ―Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research, World Politics 49 (April), pp. 430-451.
• Correa, Hector. 1985. ―Comparative study of bureaucratic corruption in Latin America and the USA. Socio-economic Planning Science 19(1): 63-79 (1985).
• Doig, Alan, and Stephen Riley. 1997. ―Corruption and Anti-Corruption Strategies: Issues and Case Studies from Developing Countries. paper presented at the UNDP/OECD Joint Seminar on Corruption and Development, Paris, October 24-25. 
• Finkel, Steven, Edward Muller, and Mitchell A. Seligson. 1989. "Economic Crisis, Incumbent Performance and Regime Support: A Comparison of Longitudinal Data from West Germany and Costa Rica." British Journal of Political Science 19 (July): 329-351.
• Friedman, Eric, Simon Johnson, Daniel Kaufman, and Pablo Zoido-Lobaton. 2000. "Dodging the Grabbing Hand: The Determinants of Unofficial Activity in 69 Countries." Journal of Public Economics 77(June): 459-493.
• Hinton, M. S. 2006. The state on the streets: Police and politics in Argentina and Brazil. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
• Friedrich, Carl J. 1974. Limited Government: A Comparison. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
• Génaux, Maryvonne. 2000. "Early Modern Corruption in English and French Fields of Vision". Ch 7 in A. J. Heidenheimer and M. Johnston (eds.), Political Corruption: Concepts and Contexts. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, pp. 107-121.
• Hancock, M. Donald, and John Logue. (eds.). 2000. Transitions to Capitalism and Democracy in Russia and Central Europe: Achievements, Problems, Prospects. Institute for Constitutional and Legislative Policy. 1994. Corruption & democracy: political institutions, processes and corruption in transition states in East-Central Europe and in the former Soviet Union. Budapest: Institute for Constitutional &Legislative Policy.
• Ivkovic, S. K.; Shelley, T. O. The contours of police integrity across Eastern Europe: The case of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Czech Republic. International Criminal Justice Review, 18: 59-82.
• Jabbra, J.G. 1976. ―Bureaucratic Corruption in the Third World: Causes and Remedy. Indian Journal of Public Administration 22: 673-691 (October-December).
• Kitschelt, Herbert. 1986. ―Political Opportunity Structures and Political Protest. British Journal of Political Science 16: 57-85.
• Kudrycka, Barbara. 2004. ―Combating Conflict of Interest in Local Governments in the CEE Countries. Budapest, Hungary: Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative, Open Society Institute-Budapest.
• Little, Walter and E. Posada-Carbo, eds. 1996. Political Corruption in Europe and Latin America. London: University of London Press, Institute of Latin American Studies Series.
• Loayza, Norman. 1996. "The Economics of the Informal Sector: A Simple Model and Some Empirical Evidence from Latin America." Carnegie Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 45, pp. 129-162.
• MacIntyre, Andrew. 2003. ―Institutions and the Political Economy of Corruption in Developing Countries. Discussion paper, Workshop on Corruption, Stanford University, January 31-February 1.
• Mainwaring, Scott, and Arturo Valenzuela. 1998. Politics, Society, and Democracy: Latin America. Boulder: Westview.
• Mann, Thomas and Takeshi Sasaki, eds., 2002. Governance for a New Century, Japanese Challenges, American Experience, Tokyo and New York: Japan Center for International Exchange.
• Manzetti, Luigi. 1994. Economic Reform and Corruption in Latin America. North-South Issues, North-South Center, University of Miami 3:1, 1-6.
• Mauro, Paolo. 1997. ―The Effects of Corruption on Growth, Investment, and Government Expenditure: A Cross Country Analysis. Pp. 83-107 in Kimberly A. Elliot (ed.), Corruption and the Global Economy. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics.
• Miller, William Lockley; Grødeland, Åse B.; Koshechkina, Tatyana Y. 2001. A Culture of Corruption? Coping with Government in Post-Communist Europe. Budapest and New York: CEU Press.
• Moody-Stewart, George. 1994. Grand Corruption in Third World Development. Berlin.
• Moroff, Holger. 2002. ―American and German Fund-Raising Fiascoes and their Aftermaths. in Arnold J. Arnold J. Heidenheimer and Michael Johnston, eds., Political Corruption: Concepts and Contexts (3rd ed.), New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, pp. 687-710.
• Payne, Douglas W. 1993. ―Latin America: Democracy and the Politics of Corruption. Freedom Review 24:1.
• Pujas, Véronique , and Martin Rhodes. 2002. ―Party Finance and Political Scandal: Comparing Italy, Spain, and France. in Arnold J. Heidenheimer and Michael Johnston, eds., Political Corruption: Concepts and Contexts, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, pp. 739-760.
• Quah, Jon S.T. 1982. "Bureaucratic Corruption in the ASEAN Countries: A Comparative Analysis of their Anti-Corruption Strategies. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 13:1. 153-177.
• Quah, Jon S.T. ―Combating Corruption in South Korea and Thailand. In Andreas Schedler, Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner (eds.), The Self-Restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1999. Chapter 15, pp. 245-256.
• Quah, Jon S.T . ―Accountability and Anti-Corruption Agencies in the Asia-Pacific Region. Paper presented at the Workshop on Combating Corruption in Asian and Pacific Economies organised by the Asian Development Bank and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development in Manila, Philippines, September 29-October 1, 1999, 12 pages. This paper is published in Combating Corruption in Asian and Pacific Economies (Manila: Asian Development Bank, 2000), pp. 101-124.
• Quah, Jon S.T . ―Combating Corruption in the Asia Pacific Region. In Gerald E. Caiden, O.P. Dwivedi and Joseph Jabra (eds.), Where Corruption Lives. Bloomfield: Kumarian Press, 2001. Chapter 10, pp. 131-144.
• Quah, Jon S. T. 2003. Curbing Corruption in Asia: A Comparative Study of Six Countries. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press.
• Quah, Jon S.T . 2003. "Causes and Consequences of Corruption in Southeast Asia: A Comparative Analysis of Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand," Asian Journal of Public Administration, 25: 235-266.
• Quah, Jon S.T . 1995. ―Controlling Corruption in City-States: A Comparative Study of Hong Kong and Singapore, Crime, Law and Social Change, 22 : 391-414.
• Quah, Jon S.T . 2004."Democratization and Political Corruption in the Philippines and South Korea: A Comparative Analysis," Crime, Law and Social Change, 42: 61-81.
• Quah, Jon S.T. Defying institutional failure: learning from the experiences of anti-corruption agencies in four Asian countries. Crime, Law and Social Change (published online July 07, 2009).
• Rauch, James E. 2001. "Leadership Selection, Internal Promotion, and Bureaucratic Corruption in Less Developed Polities." The Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique 34: 1, p. 240.
• Rekosh, Edwin. 2005. The Vicious Circle: Weak State Institutions, Unremedied Abuse and Distrust: Reports From Armenia, Bulgaria, Georgia And Poland. Budapest, Hungary: Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative, Open Society Institute.
• Scott, James C. 1972. Comparative Political Corruption. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
• Seligson, Mitchell A. 2000. "Toward a Model of Democratic Stability: Political Culture in Central America." Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe 11:2, 5-29.
• Seligson, Mitchell A. 2002. ―The Impact of Corruption on Regime Legitimacy: A Comparative Study of Four Latin American Countries. Journal of Politics, 64: 408-433.
• Shelley, Louise I. 2005. ―Civil Society Mobilized against Corruption: Russia and Ukraine. Ch. 1 in Michael Johnston (ed.), Civil Society and Corruption: Mobilizing for Reform. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
• Sibanda, O. The South African Corruption Law and Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions: A Comparative Analysis. South African Journal of Criminal Justice, 18:1-23.
• Sindzingre, Alice. 2002. ―A Comparative Analysis of African and East Asian Corruption. Selection 25 (pp. 441-460) in Arnold J. Heidenheimer and Michael Johnston (eds.), Political Corruption: Concepts and Contexts (3rd ed.). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
• Sindzingre, Alice. 2005. ―Social Networks, States, and Rents: Contrasting Corruption in Africa and Asia. in Michael Johnston, ed., Civil Society and Corruption: Mobilizing for Reform, Lanham, MD: University Press of America, pp. 33-60.
• Waterbury, John. 1976. "Corruption, Political Stability, and Development: Comparative Evidence from Egypt and Morocco." Government and Opposition 11: 426-45.
• Su Ya and Jia Lusheng. 1993. White Cat and Black Cat, Guangzhou: Huacheng Press. Sun, Yan. 1999. Reform, State, and Corruption: Is Corruption Less Destructive in China than in Russia? Comparative Politics 32: 1-20.
• Suny, Ronald Grigor, Philippe C. Schmitter, Javier Santiso, and Roger Heacock. 2001. Political Transitions in the Arab World: Theoretical Considerations and Inter-Regional Parallels. Birzeit: Birzeit University.
• Tarkowski, Jacek. 1989. "Old and New Patterns of Corruption in Poland and the USSR", Telos 80: 51-62.
• TILAC (Transparency International for Latin America and the Caribbean). 1999. "Another Form to Look at the TI Index: Latin America as an Example." Unpublished.
• Ting, Wai. 1996. "Mainland China's Political Restructuring and Social Development." Issues and Studies (Taiwan) 32:4. 24-45.
• Tomusk, Voldemar. 2000. "Reproduction of the "State Nobility" in Eastern Europe: Past Patterns and New Practices." British Journal of Sociology of Education 21: 2. 269-282.
• Torgler, Benno. 2003. ―Tax Morale in Central and Eastern European Countries. Presented at a conference on ―Tax Evasion, Trust, and State Capacity. University of St. Gallen, Switzerland October, 17-19.
• Wallace, Claire. 2000. Democratisation, Economic Development and Corruption in East- Central Europe: An 11-Nation Study. Vienna: Institute for Advanced Studies.
• Wedeman, Andrew. 1997. "Looters, Rent-Scrapers, and Dividend-Collectors: Corruption and Growth in Zaire, South Korea and the Philippines." Journal of Developing Areas 31: 457-478. 9
• Wejnert, Barbara. (ed.) 2002. Transition to Democracy in Eastern Europe and Russia: Impact on Politics, Economy, and Culture. Westport, CT: Praeger.
• Weyland, Kurt. 1998. "The Politics of Corruption in Latin America." Journal of Democracy 9: 108-121.
• Woo-Cumings, Meredith., ed., 1999a. The Developmental State, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
• Wraith, Ronald, and Edgar Simpkins. 1963. Corruption in Developing Countries. London: George Allen and Unwin.

• Anderson, James H. and Cheryl W Gray. 2006. Anti-Corruption in Transition 3: Who is Succeeding and Why? Washington: The World Bank.
• Barberet, R.; Cajal, R.; Robertson, A. Criminal justice policy diffusion. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 11: 1-140.
• Brinkerhoff, Derick W. (2000) Assessing political will for anti-corruption efforts: an analytic framework. Maryland, USA:  John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
• Bufacchi, Vittorio; Burgess, Simon. 2001. Building a Global Coalition Against Corruption: Transparency International Report 1995. Berlin: Transparency International, 1995.
• Council of Europe Octopus Programme. 2006. Cooperation against crime: The conventions of the Council of Europe. Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe Publishing.
• Crutchfield George, Barbara; Lacey, Kathleen A. 2000. "Symposium: Fighting International Corruption & Bribery in the 21st Century -A Coalition of Industrialized Nations, Developing Nations, Multilateral Development Banks, and Non-Governmental Organizations: A Pivotal Complement to Current Anti-Corruption Initiatives." Cornell International Law Journal 33, no. 3 (2000): 547 (46 pages).
• Doig, Alan. 1997. "Good Government and Sustainable Anti-Corruption Strategies: A Role for Independent Anti-Corruption Agencies?" In Rick Stapenhurst and Sahr J. Kpundeh, eds. Fighting Corruption: Lessons of Experience. EDI Seminar Series. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
• Dunfee, Thomas W.; Hess, David. 2001. "Perspectives -Getting from Salbu to the 'Tipping Point': The Role of Corporate Action Within a Portfolio of Anti-Corruption Strategies." Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business 21: 2, p. 471.
• Eigen, Peter. 1996. ―Combating Corruption Around the World. Journal of Democracy.
• Elliot, Kimberly A. 1997. ―Corruption as a Global Policy Problem: Overview and Recommendations.‖ In Kimberly Elliot, ed. Corruption and the Global Economy. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics.
• Etzioni, Amitai. 1982. ―The Fight against Fraud and Abuse. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 2: 26-38 (1982).
• Findlay, M. Misunderstanding corruption and community: Comparative cultural politics of corruption regulation in the Pacific. Asian Journal of Criminology, 2: 47-56.
• Grabosky, Peter N. "Citizen Co-production and Corruption Control." Corruption and Reform 5: 125-151 (1990).
• Gray, Cheryl, Joel Hellman and Randi Ryterman. 2004. Anti-Corruption in Transition 2: Corruption in Enterprise-State Interactions in Europe and Central Asia, 1999-2002. Washington: The World Bank.
• Hãgel, P.L. 'incertaine mondialisation du contrôle: La France et L'Allemagne dans la lutte contre la corruption et blanchiment. (Uncertain globalization of means of control: France and Germany's war against corruption and money laundering.). Deviance and Company. (Deviance et Societe), 29:243-258.
• Henderson, Kimberly. 1995. Internal Controls. Berlin: Transparency International.
• Jain, Arvind K. 2005. ―Can We Fight Corruption through Debt Relief? Ch 7 (pp. 115129) in Michael Johnston (ed.), Civil Society and Corruption: Mobilizing for Reform. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
• Ivkovic, S. K. 2005. Fallen blue knights: Patrolling police corruption. Studies in Crime and Public Policy. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Iyer, N.; Samociuk, M. 2006. Fraud and corruption: Prevention and detection. Aldershot, United Kingdom: Gower.
• Jan van Dijk. The International Crime Victims Survey and Complementary Measures of Corruption and Organised Crime. In Hough, M.; Maxfield, M. ed. Surveying crime in the 21st century. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press, 2007.
• Johnston, Michael. 1992. ―Corruption as a Process: Lessons for Analysis and Reform. Paper Presented at the Fifth International Anti-Corruption Conference, Amsterdam, 1992.
• Johnston, Michael. 1993. ―'Micro' and 'Macro' Possibilities for Reform. Corruption and Reform 7(3): 189-204 (1993).
• Johnston, Michael. 1997. 'Corruption and Distorted Development: Competition, Institutionalization and Strategies for Reform', Paper presented to the USAID Conference on Economic Growth and Democratic Governance. Unpublished.
• Johnston, Michael. 1998. "What Can Be Done About Entrenched Corruption?" in Boris Pleskovic, ed., Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 1997, Washington, DC: The World Bank, pp.149-180.
• Johnston, Michael. 2005. ―Es possible medir la corrupción, ¿pero podemos medir la reforma? (―It is Possible to Measure Corruption, But Can We Measure Reform?) Revista Mexicana de Sociología 2 (April-June, 2005), pp. 229-269.
• Johnston, Michael (ed.). 2005. Civil Society and Corruption: Mobilizing for Reform. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
• Johnston, M., and Sahr J. Kpundeh. 2002. ―Building a Clean Machine: Anti-Corruption Coalitions and Sustainable Reform. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Institute Working Paper number 37208.
• Kaufmann, Daniel. 1997. "Are We Being 'Good' or Smart in the Fight against Corruption?" Paper presented to the VIII International Anti-Corruption Conference, Lima, Peru (September).
• Kaufmann, Daniel. 1998. "Corruption Diagnostics: A New Technocratic Framework for the Analysis of Corruption and Its Implications for the Design of Action Programs." Miami Anti-Corruption Summit. Miami, Florida, April 2-4.
• Klitgaard, Robert. 1991. ―Strategies for Reform. Journal of Democracy 2:4, 86-100.
• Klitgaard, Robert. 1994. ―A Framework for a Country Programme against Corruption.
• Klitgaard, Robert. 1988. Controlling Corruption, Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Klitgaard, Robert. 1997. "Information and Incentives in Institutional Reform." In Christopher Clague (ed.), Institutions and Economic Development. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Klitgaard, Robert; Ronald MacLean-Abaroa, and H. Lindsey Parris. 2000. Corrupt Cities: A Practical Guide To Cure And Prevention, Oakland, CA: ICS Press; Washington, DC: World Bank Institute.
• Klussmann, Uwe. 2004. ―A Perfidious Double-edged Strategy. Der Spiegel June,7; reprinted, New York Times June,7 2004 (translated by Christopher Sultan).
• Larmour, Peter, and Nick Wolanin. 2001. Corruption and Anti-corruption. Canberra: Asia Pacific Press; Griffith, ACT: Australian Institute of Criminology.
• Leiken, Robert S. 1996. "Controlling the Global Corruption Epidemic. Foreign Policy 105 (Winter).
• Maingot, Anthony. 1994. ―Confronting Corruption in the Hemisphere. Journal of InterAmerican Studies.
• Mookherjee, Dilip. 1997. "Incentive Reforms in Developing Country Bureaucracies: Lessons from Tax Administration." Paper presented at the Ninth Annual Bank Conference on Development Economics, The World Bank, Washington, D.C.
• Muntingh, L. The struggle continues: The fight against corruption in prisons. SA Crime Quarterly, 25:17-23.
• Nadelmann, Ethan A. 1996. ―The DEA in Latin America: Dealing with Institutionalized Corruption. The Police Journal 62:1, 31.
• Nadelmann, Ethan A. 1996. ―The Drugs Enforcement Agency in Latin America: The Ins and Outs of Working Around Corruption, Part Two. The Police Journal 62:2: 157.
• Nasaba, A.P.W. 1995. ―Anti-corruption Legislation and Its Implementation. Integrity Workshop in Uganda II, Final Workshop Proceedings, Mukono, Uganda, 27-28 November.
• Odey, John Okwoeze. 2001. The Anti-Corruption Crusade: The Saga of a Crippled Giant. Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria: John Okwoeze Odey.
• OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development). 1995. Participatory Development and Good Governance. Paris: OECD.
• OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). 1998. Corruption and Integrity Improvement Initiatives in Developing Countries. New York: United Nations Development Program, and Paris: OECD Development Centre.
• OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). 2003. ―Anti- Bribery Convention: Entry into Force. Online
• Open Society Institute. 2002. Monitoring the EU Accession Process: Corruption and Anti-Corruption Policy: 2002 Country Reports: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia. Budapest: Open Society Institute.
• Pope, Jeremy. 1996. National Integrity Systems: The TI Source Book. Berlin: Transparency International.
• Popov, Vladimir. 2002. ―Strong Institutions Are More Important Than the Speed of Reform. In Cuddy, Michael P., and Ruvin Gekker. 2002. Institutional Change in Transition Economies, Aldershot: Ashgate, pp. 55-71.
• Quah, Jon S.T . "Controlling Corruption." In Colin Kirkpatrick et al., (eds.), Handbook on Development Policy and Management. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2002. Chapter 34, pp. 333-341.
• Quah, Jon S.T . 2006. Curbing Corruption: The Elusive Search for a Cure," Public Administration Review, 66: 939-943.
• Rider, Barry (Ed.).1999. Corruption: The Enemy Within. The Hague/London/Boston: Kluwer Law International.
• Rose-Ackerman, Susan. 1994. "Reducing Bribery in the Public Sector." In Duc V. Trang, ed. Corruption & Democracy. Budapest: Institute for Constitutional and Legislative Policy, pp.21-28.
• Rubin, S.J. 1982. "International Aspects of the Control of Illicit Payments." Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce 9, p. 315.
• Ryan, Leo V. 2000. "Combating Corruption: The 21st-Century Ethical Challenge." Business Ethics Quarterly 10: 1, 331-338.
• Salbu, Steven R. 1999. "Battling Global Corruption in the New Millennium." Law and Policy in International Business 31: 1, 47-78.
• Sarre, Rick, and Dilip K. Das. 2005. Policing Corruption: International Perspectives. Lanham: Lexington Books.
• Shah, Anwar and Mark Schacter. 2004. ―Combating Corruption: Look Before You Leap. Finance & Development 41:4 (December), pp. 40-43.
• Shehu, A. Y. International initiatives against corruption and money laundering: An overview. Journal of Financial Crime, 12: 221-245.
• Smith, G.; Button, M.; Frimpong, K. Countering fraud in the public sector. Crime Prevention and Community Safety: An International Journal, 9: 69-143.
• Souryal, S. S. Deterring corruption by prison personnel: A principle-based perspective. The Prison Journal, 89: 21-45.
• Spector, Bertram I. (ed.). 2005. Fighting Corruption in Developing Countries. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press, 2005.
• Stapenhurst, Rick, Niall Johnston and Riccardo Pelizzo (Eds.). 2006. The Role of Parliament in Curbing Corruption. Washington: The World Bank.
• Stapenhurst , Rick, Niall Johnston , Riccardo Pelizzo., eds. (2006) The Role of Parliaments in Curbing Corruption. Washington D.C.: The World Bank.
• Stoltenberg, Clyde D. 2000. ―Symposium: Fighting International Corruption & Bribery in the 21st Century -Globalization, 'Asian Values,' and Economic Reform: The Impact of Tradition and Change on Ethical Values in Chinese Business." Cornell International Law Journal 33:3, 711-730.
• Transparency International. 2000. Confronting Corruption: The Elements of a National Integrity System. TI Source Book 2000. Berlin: Transparency International.
• Tulchin, Joseph S, and Ralph H. Espach. (eds.). 2000. Combating Corruption in LatinAmerica. Washington, D. C: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
• UNDP (United Nations Development Program). 1997. Corruption and Good Governance. New York: UNDP, Management Development and Governance Division.
• USAID (United States Agency for International Development). 1998. "USAID Handbook for Fighting Corruption." Washington, D.C.: USAID Center for Democracy and Governance.
• Viljanen, T.; Aromaa, K.; Bárd, K. 2006. International key issues in crime prevention and criminal justice: Papers in celebration of 25 years of HEUNI. Helsinki, Finland: Hakapaino Oy.
• World Bank Institute. 1999. New Empirical Tools for Anti-Corruption and Institutional Reform: A Step-by-Step Guide to Their Implementation. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
• World Bank. 1997. "Helping Countries Combat Corruption." Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Program.
• World Bank. 2000. Anti-Corruption in Transition: Confronting the Challenge of State Capture. Washington: The World Bank.

• Bardhan, Pranab K.; Mookherjee, Dilip. 2000. Corruption and decentralization of infrastructure delivery in developing countries. Boston: Boston University, Institute for Economic Development.
• Fjelsted, Odd-Helge. 2002. ―Decentralisation and Corruption: A Review of the Literature. Bergen, Norway: Chr. Michelsen Institute Report U4.

• Ades, Alberto and Rafael Di Tella. 1996. "The Causes and Consequences of Corruption." IDS Bulletin 2 (1997): 6-10.
• Alatas, S. H. 1990. Corruption: Its Nature, Causes and Functions. Aldershot: Ashgate.
• Azfar, Omar; Lee, Young; Swamy, Anand. 2001. "The Causes and Consequences of Corruption." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 573, p. 42.
• Bayley, David. 1966. "The Effects of Corruption in a Developing Nation. Western Political Quarterly XIX, pp. 719-732.
• Buscaglia, Edgardo. 2001. "An analysis of judicial corruption and its causes: An objective governing-based approach." International Review of Law and Economics 21:2, p. 233.
• Clarke, Michael, ed. 1983. Corruption: Causes, Consequences and Control. London: Francis Pinter.
• Collier, Michael W. 1999. "Explaining Political Corruption: An Institutional-Choice Approach." International Studies Association annual meeting, Washington, D.C.
• della Porta, Donatella, and Alberto Vannucci. 1997. "The 'Perverse Effects' of Political Corruption." Political Studies 45: 516-538.
• della Porta, Donatella, and Alberto Vannucci. 1999. Corrupt Exchanges: Actors, Resources, and Mechanisms of Political Corruption, New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
• Friedrich, C. J. 1966. "Political Pathology. The Political Quarterly 37: 70-85.
• Gardiner, J. 1992. ―Defining Corruption. Paper Presented at the Fifth International Anti-corruption Conference, Amsterdam, March.
• Gibbons, K. M. 1989. "Toward an Attitudinal Definition of Corruption", in Heidenheimer, A., Johnston, M., and LeVine, V. Political Corruption: A Handbook. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 165-171.
• Gorta, A. and Forell, S. 1995. "Layers of Decision: Linking Social Definitions of Corruption and Willingness to Take Action", Crime, Law, and Social Change 23: 315- 343.
• Gould, David J. and José A. Amaro-Reyes. 1983. "The Effects of Corruption on Administrative Performance: Illustrations from Developing Countries." Staff Working Paper Number 580: Washington, D.C.: World Bank Management and Development Series Number 7.
• Heimann, Fritz. 1995. Should Foreign Bribery Be a Crime? Berlin: Transparency International.
• Jain, Arvind K. 1998. "Models of Corruption." In Jain, Economics of Corruption, pp. 13-34.
• Jain, Arvind K. 2001. "Corruption: A Review." Journal of Economic Surveys 15: 1, pp. 71-121.
• Johnston, Michael. 1986. "The Political Consequences of Corruption: A Reassessment. Comparative Politics 18: 459-477.
• Johnston, Michael. 2001b. "The Definitions Debate: Old Conflicts in New Guises. In Arvind K. Jain, ed., the Political Economy of Corruption. London and New York: Routledge 2:11-31.
• Johnston, Michael. 2005. ―Keeping the Answers, Changing the Questions: Corruption Definitions Revisited. In Ulrich von Alemann, ed. Dimensionen politischer Korruption. Politische Vierteljahresschrift Sonderheft 35/2004. Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
• Johnston, Michael. 2005. Syndromes of Corruption: Wealth, Power, and Democracy. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press (forthcoming Dec 2005).
• Khan, Mushtaq H. 1996. "A Typology of Corrupt Transactions in Developing Countries." IDS Bulletin 27:2.
• Khan, Mushtaq H. 1996. "The Efficiency Implications of Corruption." Journal of International Development 8:5.
• Koehler, Jan, and Christoph Zurcher. 2003. Potentials of Disorder. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
• Lee-Chai, Annette Y.; Bargh, John A. 2001. The Use and Abuse of Power: Multiple Perspectives on the Causes Of Corruption. Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
• Marine, F. J. The effects of organized crime on legitimate businesses. Journal of Financial Crime, 13:214-234.
• Mauro, Paolo. 1998. ―Corruption: Causes, Consequences, and Agenda for Further Research. Finance and Development (March), pp. 11-14.
• McKinney, J. and M. Johnston (eds.). 1986. Fraud, Waste and Abuse in Government: Causes, Consequences and Cures. Philadelphia: ISHI Press.
• Moroff, Holger, and Verena Blechinger. 2002. "Corruption Terms in the World Press: How Languages Differ". Selection 45 (pp. 885-905) in Heidenheimer, Arnold J., and Michael Johnston (eds.). 2002. Political Corruption: Concepts and Contexts (3d ed.). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
• Philp, M. 1987. "Defining Corruption: An Analysis of the Republican Tradition." Paper presented to the International Political Science Association research roundtable on political finance and political corruption, Bellagio, Italy, 1987.
• Philp, Mark. 1997. ―Defining Political Corruption", pp. 20-46 in Paul Heywood (ed.) Political Corruption. (Oxford: Blackwell).
• Philp, Mark. 2002. ―Conceptualizing Political Corruption, Selection 3 (pp. 41-57) in Arnold J. Heidenheimer and Michael Johnston (eds.), Political Corruption: Concepts and Contexts (3rd. ed.). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
• Rahman, Aminur, Gregory Kisunko and Kapil Kapoor. 2000. ―Estimating the Effects of Corruption. Policy Research Working Paper No. 2479. Washington, D. C.: The World Bank.
• Rose-Ackerman, Susan, and Andrew Stone. 1996. "The Costs of Corruption for Private Business: Evidence from World Bank Surveys." Washington, D.C.: The World Bank Development.
• Rose-Ackerman, Susan. 1999. Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences, and Reform. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Treisman, Daniel. 2000. ―The Causes of Corruption: A Cross-National Study. Journal of Public Economics 76:3, pp. 399-457.

• Anderson, Christopher J., and Yuliya V. Tverdova. 2002. ―Corruption, Political Allegiances, and Attitudes toward Government in Contemporary Democracies. American Journal of Political Science 47: 91-109.
• Anderson, Lisa. 1999. Transitions to Democracy. New York: Columbia University Press.
• Andersson, David E., and Jessie P. H. Poon. 2001. Asia Pacific Transitions. New York: Palgrave.
• Bardhan, Pranab. 1993. "Symposium on Democracy and Development." Journal of Economic Perspectives 7:3, pp. 45-49.
• Barro, Robert J. 1995. "Economic Freedom and Political Democracy." Swiss Review of World Affairs (January 3): 20-22.
• Barro, Robert J. 1996. "Democracy and Growth." Journal of Economic Growth 1:1 (March), pp. 1-27.
• Barro, Robert J. 1999. ―Determinants of Democracy. Journal of Political Economy 107:6, Pt 2, pp. S158-S183.
• Carothers, Thomas. 1999. Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve, Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
• Dahl, Robert A. 1971. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven: Yale University Press.
• della Porta, Donatella. 2000. "Social Capital, Beliefs in Government, and Political Corruption." In Disaffected Democracies: What's Troubling the Trilateral Countries? eds. Susan J. Pharr and Robert D. Putnam. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Doig, Alan, and Robin Theobald, eds. 2000. Corruption and Democratisation. London: Frank Cass.
• Doig, Alan; Theobald, Robin; Marquette, Heather A. 2001. "Corruption and Democratisation." The Journal of Development Studies 37:4, p. 188.
• Diamond, Larry. 1997. "Introduction: In Search of Consolidation", in Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Yan-han Chu, and Hung-mao Tien (eds.), Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies: Themes and Perspectives. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Diamond, Larry. 1999. Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Drake, Paul W., and Matthew D. McCubbins. 1998. The Origins of Liberty: Political and Economic Liberalization in the Modern World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Elliott, Kimberly Ann, ed., 1997. Corruption and the Global Economy, Washington: Institute for International Economics.
• Etzioni-Halevy, Eva. 1985. Bureaucracy and Democracy. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
• Girling, J. L. S. 1997. Corruption, Capitalism and Democracy, London and New York: Routledge.
• Haberfeld, M. R.; Cerrah, I. 2008. Comparative Policing: The struggle for democratization. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Haggard, Stephan, and Steven B. Webb (eds.). 1994. Voting for Reform: Democracy, Political Liberalization, and Economic Adjustment. New York: Oxford University Press, for the World Bank.
• Helliwell, John F. 1994. "Empirical Linkages between Democracy and Economic Growth." British Journal of Political Science 24, pp. 225-248.
• Heymann, Philip B. 1996. "Democracy and Corruption." Fordham International Law Journal 20: 2, pp. 323-346.
• Huntington, Samuel P. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
• Isham, Jonathan, Daniel Kaufmann, and Lant Pritchett. 1995. ―Civil Liberties, Democracy, and the Performance of Government Projects.  World Bank, Policy Research Department, Poverty and Human Resources Division, Washington, D.C.
• Johnston, Michael. 2004. "Corruption and Democratic Consolidation", Ch. 5, pp. 138-164 in Emmanuel Kreike and William Chester Jordan (eds.), Corrupt Histories. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. Originally presented at a conference on "Democracy and Corruption", Shelby Cullom Davis Center for Historical Studies, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, March 12, 1999.
• Jordan, David C. 1999. Drug Politics: Dirty Money and Democracies. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
• Klingmann, Hans-Dieter. 1999. "Mapping Political Support in the 1990s: A Global Analysis." In Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Government, ed. Pippa Norris. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Lauth, Hans-Joachim. 2000. ―Informal Institutions and Democracy. Democratization 7: 21-50.
• Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1994. "The Social Requisites of Democracy Revisited." American Sociological Review 59: 1-22.
• Moreno, Alejandro. 2002. ―Corruption and Democracy: A Cultural Assessment. Comparative Sociology 1: 495-507.
• Pharr, Susan J., and Robert D. Putnam. (eds.) 2000. Disaffected Democracies: What's Troubling the Trilateral Countries? Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Przeworski, Adam. 1995. Sustainable Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Przeworski, Adam, Michael Alvarez, José Antonio Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi.
• 1997. "What Makes Democracies Endure?" Ch. 15 (pp. 295-311) in Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Yun-han Chu, and Hung-mao Tien, Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies: Themes and Perspectives. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Rose-Ackerman, Susan. 1996. "Democracy and 'Grand' Corruption." InternationalSocial Science Journal 48: 3, 365-380.
• Rose-Ackerman, Susan. 1999. ―Political Corruption and Democracy‖ Connecticut Journal of International Law 14:2, p. 363.
• Trang, Duc V. (ed.). 1994. Corruption & Democracy. Institute for Constitutional and Legislative Policy: Budapest.
• Warren, Mark E. 1999. Democracy and Trust. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Waterbury, John. 1973. "Endemic and Planned Corruption in a Monarchial Regime." World Politics 25: 533-55.

• Abueva Veloso, José. 1966. "The Contribution of Nepotism, Spoils, and Graft to Political Development." East-West Center Review 1966: 45-54.
• Bardhan, Pranab. 1997. "Corruption and Development: A Review of Issues." Journal of Economic Literature XXXV, pp. 1320-1346.
• Beenstock, Michael. 1979. ―Corruption and Development. World Development 7: 15-24.
• Benewick, Robert; Blecher, Marc; Cook, Sarah. 1999. Politics in Development: Essays in Honour of Gordon White. IDS bulletin 30: 4.
• Bo Zhiyue. 2000. "Economic Development and Corruption: Beijing beyond 'Beijing'." Journal of Contemporary China 9, no. 25: 467-487.
• Budima, G. Can corruption and economic crime be controlled in developing economies, and if so, is the cost worth it. Journal of Financial Crime, 13: 408-419.
• Clague, Christopher K.; Grossbard-Shechtman, Shoshana. 2001. Culture and Development: International Perspectives. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, v. 573.
• Cooter, Robert D. 1997. ―The Rule of State Law Versus the Rule-of-Law State: Economic Analysis of the Legal Foundations of Development. in Proceedings of the  Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 1996, Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
• Heymans, Chris; Lipietz, Barbara. 1999.Corruption and Development: Some Perspectives. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies. ISS monograph series, no. 40.
• Johnston, Michael. 2004. ―Comparing Corruption: Participation, Institutions, and Development. Ch. 10, pp. 275-322 in William C. Heffernan and John Kleinig (eds.), Private and Public Corruption. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. Originally presented at a conference on "Corruption: Public and Private", John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, September 13-14, 2002.
• Riley, Stephen. P. 1999. "Petty Corruption and Development." Development in Practice 9:1-2, 189-193.
• Robinson, Mark, ed. 1998. Corruption and Development. London: Frank Cass.
• Schneider, Ben Ross. 1998. ―Elusive Synergy: Business-Government Relations and Development. Comparative Politics 31: 101-122.
• Seyf, Ahmad. 2001. ―Corruption and Development: A Study of Conflict. Development in Practice 11: 597-605.
• Theobald, Robin. 1990. Corruption, Development and Underdevelopment. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1990.
• Theobald, Robin, 1992, ―On the Survival of Patronage in Developed Societies. Archives Européenne de Sociologie XXXIII: 2, 183-191

• Ades, Alberto, and Rafael di Tella. 1994. ―Competition and Corruption. Working paper, Oxford University Institute of Economics and Statistics, Oxford, United Kingdom.
• Ades, Alberto, and Rafael di Tella. 1999. ―Rents, Competition, and Corruption. American Economic Review 89, pp. 982-993.
• Alam, M. 1991. "Some Economic Costs of Corruption in LDCs." Journal of Development Studies 27: 89-97 (1991). 
• Alesina, Alberto, and Roberto Perotti. 1994. "The Political Economy of Growth: A Critical Survey of the Recent Literature." World Bank Economic Review 8:3, pp. 351-371.
• Alesina, Alberto. 1998. "The Political Economy of High and Low Growth." pp. 217-237 in Boris Pleskovic and Joseph E. Stiglitz (eds.), Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 1997. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
• Andvig, Jens Chr., and Karl Ove Moene. 1990. "How Corruption May Corrupt." Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 13: 63-76.
• Angeletos, George-Marios; Kollintzas, Tryphon. 2000. Rent Seeking, Corruption and Growth: A Simple Model. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research. Series: Discussion paper. Centre for Economic Policy Research,; no. 2464. Centre for Economic Policy Research. Online
• Baker, R. W. 2005. Capitalism's Achilles' heel: Dirty money and how to renew the free-market system. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
• Beck, J.P., and M.W. Mahr. 1986. "A Comparison of Bribery and Bidding in Thin Markets." Economic Letters 20: 1-5.
• Berkman, Steve. "Corruption and its impact on contract management. Mimeograph, World Bank, Washington, D.C., 3 April 1995.
• Besley, Timothy, and John McLaren. 1993. ―Taxes and Bribery: The Role of Wage Incentives. The Economic Journal 103:119–41.
• Braun, Miguel, and Rafael Di Tella. 2000. "Inflation and Corruption.: Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Business School, Division of Research, Working Paper 00-053.
• Brautigam, Deborah. 1992 ―Governance, Economy, and Foreign Aid. Studies in Comparative International Development 27(3): 3-25.
• Brunetti, Aymo, Gregory Kisunko, and Beatrice Weder. 1998. "Credibility of Rules and Economic Growth: Evidence from a Worldwide Survey of the Private Sector." The World Bank Economic Review 12(3): 353-384.
• Campos, J. Edgardo; Donald Lien, and Sanjay Pradhan. 1999. "The Impact of Corruption on Investment: Predictability Matters." World Development 27:6, pp. 1059-1067.
• Celarier, Michelle. 1997. "Privatization: A Case Study in Corruption." Journal of International Affairs 50(2): 531-543.
• Coupet, Ernst. 2001. Corruption and economic growth: theory and international evidence. Dissertation: (Ph. D. in economics)--University of Illinois at Chicago.
• della Porta, Donatella, and Susan Rose-Ackerman, eds. 2002. Corrupt Exchanges: Empirical Themes in the Politics and Political Economy of Corruption. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
• Dietz, Simon, Eric Neumayer, and Indra de Soysa. 2004. ―Corruption, the Resource Curse and Genuine Saving. London: working paper, Department of Geography andCentre for Economic Policy and Governance, London School of Economics and Political Science. Online
• Elliott, Kimberly Ann (Ed.): Corruption and the Global Economy. Washington: Institute for International Economics, 1997.
• Elster, Jon. 1989. ―Social Norms and Economic Theory. Journal of Economic Perspectives 3: 99-117.
• Fisman, Raymond and Jakob Svensson. 2000. ―Are Corruption and Taxation Really Harmful to Growth? Firm-Level Evidence. Policy Research Working Paper No. 2485. Washington, D. C.: The World Bank.
• Getz, Kathleen A.; Volkema, Roger J. 2001. "Culture, Perceived Corruption, and Economics: A Model of Predictors and Outcomes." Business & Society 40, no. 1: 7-30.
• Greene, William. 1990. Econometric Analysis. New York: Macmillan.
• Hall, David. 1999. Privatisation, multinationals, and corruption." Development in Practice 9: 5, pp. 539-556.
• Hall, Thomas, and Glenn Yago. 2000. "Estimating the Cost of Opacity Using Sovereign Bond Spreads". Working Paper, Capital Studies Group, The Milken Insitute, Santa Monica, CA 90401.
• Hancock, Graham. Lords of Poverty: The Power, Prestige, and Corruption of International Aid Business. Atlantic Monthly Press, 1989.
• Hiatt, Steven. 2006. A Game as Old as Empire: The Secret World of Economic Hit Men and the Web of Global Corruption. San Fransisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc.
• Huber, Evelyne, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and John D. Stephens. 1993. "The Impact of Economic Development on Democracy." Journal of Economic Perspectives 7:3 (Summer), pp. 71-85.
• IMF (International Monetary Fund). 1995. Unproductive Public Expenditures: A Pragmatic Approach to Policy Analysis, Washington, DC: IMF, Pamphlet Series 48. Inglehart, Ronald. 1990. Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Jain, Arvind K. 1998. Economics of Corruption. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
• Jain, Arvind K. (ed.) 2001. The Political Economy of Corruption. London: Routledge.
• Johnson, Simon, Daniel Kaufmann, and Pablo Zoido-Lobaton. 1998. ―Regulatory Discretion and the Unofficial Economy.  American Economic Review 88: 387-392.
• Kahn, Charles and Emilson C.D. Silva. 1994. ―Optimal Provision of Public Goods under Costly Exclusion and Corruption. IRIS Working Paper No. 118 (July).
• Khan, Mushtaq H., and J. K. Sundaram., eds., 2000. Rents, Rent-Seeking and Economic Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Kilby, Christopher. 1995. "Risk Management: An Econometric Investigation of Project-Level Factors." Washington, DC: The World Bank, Operations Evaluation Department.
• Klitgaard, Robert. 1991. Adjusting to Reality: Beyond State versus Market in Economic Development. San Francisco: ICS Press and International Center for Economic Growth.
• Krueger, Anne O. 1974. ―The Political Economy of the Rent Seeking Society. American Economic Review 64: 291-303.
• Krueger, Anne O. 1993. Political Economy of Policy Reform in Developing Countries.
• Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
• Krueger, Anne O. 1993. "Virtuous and Vicious Circles in Economic Development." American Economic Review 83(2): 351-355.
• Lambsdorff, Johann Graf. 2003. ―How Corruption Affects Productivity. Kyklos 56: 457-474.
• Lambsdorff, Johann Graf. 2003. ―How Corruption Affects Persistent Capital Flows. Economics of Governance 4: 229-243.
• Lambsdorff, Johann Graf. 2007. The Institutional Economics of Corruption and Reform: Theory, Evidence and Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Larraín B., Felipe, and José Tavares. 2004. ―Does Foreign Direct Investment Decrease Corruption? Cuadernos de Economica 41: 217-230.
• Leff, Nathaniel. 1964. "Economic Development through Bureaucratic Corruption. American Behavioral Scientist, pp. 8-14.
• Leite, Carlos, and Jens Weidmann. 1999. ―Does Mother Nature Corrupt? Natural Resources, Corruption, and Economic Growth.‖ Working Paper of the International Monetary Fund (July).
• Lipset, Seymour Martin, and Gabriel Salman Lenz. 2000. "Corruption, Culture and Markets." In Lawrence J Harrison and Samuel P. Huntington (eds.), Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress. New York: Basic Books.
• Mauro, Paolo. 2002. ―The Effects of Corruption on Growth and Public Expenditure.Selection 20 (pp. 339-352) in Heidenheimer, Arnold J., and Michael Johnston (eds.).Political Corruption: Concepts and Contexts (3d ed.). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
• Mauro, Paolo. 1997. Why Worry About Corruption? Economic Issues, vol. 6. Washington, D. C.: International Monetary Fund.
• Mauro, Paolo. 1995. "Corruption and Growth." Quarterly Journal of Economics 110(3): 681-712.
• McFarlane , John. Corruption and the financial sector: The strategic impact. Journal of Financial Crime, 9:8-21.
• Mo, Pak Hung. 2001. "Corruption and Economic Growth." Journal of ComparativeEconomics 29:1, p. 66.
• Murphy, Kevin M., Andrei Schleifer, and Robert W. Vishny. 1993. "Why is Rent-Seeking So Costly to Growth?" American Economic Review 83(2): 409-414.
• Nordstrom, C. 2007. Global outlaws: Crime, money, and power in the contemporary world. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
• Paul, Chris, and Al Wilhite. 1994. "Illegal Markets and the Social Costs of Rent-Seeking." Public Choice 79:1-2, 105-116.
• Perkins, John. 2006. Confessions of an Economic Hit Man. New York: Plume.
• Przeworski, Adam, and Fernando Limongi. 1993. ―Political Regimes and Economic Growth. Journal of Economic Literature 7:3, 51–69.
• Rodrik, Dani, ed. 2003. In Search of Prosperity: Analytic Narratives on Economic Growth, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
• Roeber, Joe. 2001. The Hidden Market: The Effects of Corruption in the International Arms Trade. New York: New Press.
• Rose-Ackerman, Susan. 1996. ―When is Corruption Harmful? Washington, DC: The World Bank.
• Rose-Ackerman, Susan. 1997. "The Political Economy of Corruption." In Kimberly A. Elliot, ed. Corruption and the Global Economy. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics.
• Sandholtz, Wayne, and William Koetzle. 2000. "Accounting for Corruption: Economic Structure, Democracy, and Trade Source". International Studies Quarterly 44:1, 31-50.
• Stasavage, D. 1996. "Theoretical and Empirical Issues for Research on Corruption and Economic Growth." Mimeo, 1996.
• Tanzi, Vito. 1995. "Corruption, Government Activities, and Markets." In Gianluca Fiorentini and Sam Petzman (eds.), The Economics of Organized Crime. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Tanzi, Vito, and Hamid Davoodi. 1998. ―Roads to Nowhere: How Corruption in Public Investment Hurts Growth. Economic Issues 12 (Washington, D. C.: International Monetary Fund).
• Tanzi, Vito, and Hamid Davoodi. 2002. ―Corruption, Growth, and Public Finance. In George T. Abed and Sanjeev Gupta, eds., Governance, Corruption, and Economic Performance, Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund pp.197-222.
• Tanzi, Vito, and Hamid Davoodi. 2002. ―Corruption, Public Investment, and Growth. In George T. Abed and Sanjeev Gupta, eds., Governance, Corruption, and Economic Performance, Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund pp.280-299.
• Thesing, Josef, and Wilhelm Hofmeister, eds. 1995. Financial Control in a Democracy. Konrad-Adenauer Stiftung, 1995.
• Troy, Gil. 1997. "Money and Politics: The Oldest Connection. The Wilson Quarterly 21: 14-32.
• Wei, Shang-Jin. 1997. "Why Is Corruption So Much More Taxing than Tax? Arbitrariness Kills." NBER Working Paper 6030.
• Wei, Shang-Jin. 1999. ―Corruption in Economic Development: Beneficial Grease, Minor Annoyance, or Major Obstacle? Washington, DC: World Bank, Development Research Group, Public Economics. Policy research working paper, 2048.
• Wei, Shang-Jin. 2000. "How Taxing is Corruption on International Investors?" Review of Economics and Statistics 82(1): 1-11 (Feb).
• Wei, Shang-Jin; Wu, Yi. 2001."Negative Alchemy? Corruption, Composition of Capital Flows, and Currency Crises." Cambridge, MA.: National Bureau of Economic Research,2001 NBER working paper series no. 8187 Online
• Weingast, Barry. 1993. ―Constitutions as Governance Structures: The Political Foundations of Secure Markets. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 149: 286-311.
• Whyte, D. The crimes of neo-liberal rule in occupied Iraq. British Journal of Criminology, 47: 177-195.
• Williams, James W., and Margaret E. Beare. 1999. "The Business of Bribery: Globalization, Economic Liberalization, and the 'Problem' of Corruption." Crime, Law and Social Change 32:2, 115-146.
• Zhao, H. 1995."Rent Seeking and Market Competition." Public Choice 82:3-4, 225-241.

• Anechiarico, Frank, and James B. Jacobs. 1996. The Pursuit of Absolute Integrity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Banfield, Edward. 1958. The Moral Basis of a Backward Society. Chicago: The Free Press.
• Buchanan, James M., Robert D. Tollison, and Gordon Tullock. (eds.). 1980. Toward a Theory of the Rent-Seeking Society. College Station: Texas A&M Press.
• Callahan, Daniel. "Legislative Codes of Ethics." In New York. Representation and Responsibility: Exploring Legislative Ethics. Bruce Jennings and Daniel Callahan, eds.New York: Plenum Press, pp. 221_234 (1985).
• Camp, Roderic Ai, Kenneth M. Coleman, and Charles L. Davis. 2000. "Public Opinion About Corruption: An Exploratory Study in Chile, Costa Rica and Mexico." Annual Meeting of the World Association of Public Opinion Research. Portland, Oregon, May 17-18.
• Citizens Research Foundation. 2002. ―Poll Data.  Online at Citizens‘ Research Foundation.
• Dolan, K., McKeown, B., and Carlson, J. M. 1988. "Popular Conceptions of Political Corruption: Implications for the Empirical Study of Political Ethics", Corruption and Reform 3: 3-24.
• Feld, Werner J. 1980. Multinational Corporations and UN Politics: The Quest for Codes of Conduct. New York: Pergamon Press.
• Gorta, Angela and Suzie Forell. 1994. Unraveling Corruption: A Public Sector Perspective: A Survey of NSW Public Sector Employees' Understanding of Corruption and Their Willingness to Take Action. Independent Commission Against Corruption Research Report No. 1: (April).
• Júnior, D. P.; Muniz, J. "Stop or I'll call the police!": The idea of police, or the effects of police encounters over time. British Journal of Criminology, 46:234-257.
• Kääriäinen, J. T . Trust in the police in 16 European countries: A multilevel analysis. European Journal of Criminology, 4: 409-435.
• Lambsdorff, Johann Graf. 1999. "The Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 1999: Framework Document. Berlin: Transparency International. Online
• Maljevie, A.; Datzer, D.; Muratbegovic, E. 2006. Overtly about police and corruption. Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina: Udruzenje Diplomiranih Kriminalista U Bosni I Hercegovini.
• Pardo, Italo. 2004. Between Morality and the Law: Corruption, Anthropology and Comparative Society. Aldershot: Ashgate.
• Rogow, Arnold A., and Harold D. Lasswell. 1963. Power, Corruption, and Rectitude. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
• Roman, Annette. 2007. 1 World Manga: Corruption – Broken Trust. Washington: The World Bank.
• Thompson, Dennis F. 1995. Ethics in Congress: From Individual to Institutional Corruption. Washington, DC: Brookings.

• Bartlett, D. M. C. 1999. "Corruption and Lying in a Parliamentary Democracy: British Politics at the End of the Twentieth Century." Crime, Law, And Social Change 30: 3, p. 205.
• Becquart-Leclerq. 1989. "Paradoxes of Political Corruption: A French View." In Political Corruption: A Handbook, eds. Arnold J. Heidenheimer and Victor T. LeVine Michael Johnston. New Brunswick, NJ.
• Braun, Aurel, and Zoltan D. Barany (eds.) 1999. Dilemmas of Transition: The Hungarian Experience. Landham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.
• Brokaj, Doriana. 2004. Fiscal Policies in Transition Countries: The Albanian Case. Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus: Eastern Mediterranean University.
• Bufacchi, Vittorio, and Simon Burgess. 1998. Italy since 1989: Events and Interpretations, New York: St. Martin's Press.
• Burnett, Stanton H., and Luca Mantovani. 1998. The Italian Guillotine: Operation Clean Hands and the Overthrow of Italy's First Republic, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
• Calise, Mauro. 1994. ―The Italian Particracy: Beyond President and Parliament. Political Science Quarterly 109: 441-460.
• Carasciuc, Lilia. 2001. ―Corruption and Quality of Governance: The Case of Moldova. Chisinau: Transparency International-Moldova, 2001. Centre for the Study of Democracy. 2002. ―Corruption, Trafficking and Institutional Reform: Prevention of Trans-border Crime in Bulgaria (2001-2002). Sofia: Centre for the Study of Democracy.
• Chang, Eric C. C., and Miriam A. Golden. 2004. ―Does Corruption Pay? The Survival of Politicians Charged with Malfeasance in the Postwar Italian Chamber of Deputies. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, Sept. 2-5.
• Chubb, Judith. 1981. ―The Social Bases of an Urban Political Machine: The Christian Democrat Party in Palermo. In Shmuel N. Eisenstadt, and Rene Lemarchand, eds., Political Clientelism, Patronage and Development, London: Sage pp. 91-124.
• Colazingari, Silvia, and Susan Rose-Ackerman. 1998. "Corruption in a Paternalistic Democracy: Lessons from Italy for Latin America". Political Science Quarterly 113:3 (Fall), pp. 447-470.
• Cox, Gary W. 1986. ―The Development of a Party-Orientated Electorate in England, 1832-1918. British Journal of Political Science 16: 187-216.
• Del Monte, Alfredo; Papagni, Erasmo. 2001. "Public expenditure, corruption, and economic growth: the case of Italy." European Journal of Political Economy 17:1, p. 1.
• della Porta, Donatella, and Yves Mény. 1997. Democracy and corruption in Europe. London; Washington: Pinter.
• della Porta, Donatella, and Alberto Vannucci. 2002. ―Corrupt Exchanges and the Implosion of the Italian Party System. In Arnold J. Heidenheimer and Michael Johnston, eds., Political Corruption: Concepts and Contexts, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, pp. 717-737.
• Dobry, Michel. 2000. Democratic and Capitalist Transitions in Eastern Europe: Lessons for the Social Sciences. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
• Doig, Alan. 1984. Corruption and Misconduct in Contemporary British Politics. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
• Dumont, Patrick, and Lieven De Winter. 1999. "Luxembourg: Stable Coalitions In A Pivotal-Party System". unpublished manuscript.
• Dunn, Elizabeth C. 2004. Privatizing Poland: Baby Food, Big Business, and the Remaking of Labor. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
• Ekiert, Grzegorz. 1999. ―Do Legacies Matter? Patterns of Postcommunist Transitions in Eastern Europe. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Occasional Paper: East European Studies, no. 53.
• Gjoni, Ilir. 2004. ―Organized Crime and National Security: The Albanian Case. Monterey, CA.: Naval Postgraduate School.
• Glees, Anthony. 1987. ―The Flick Affair: A Hint of Corruption in the Bonn Republic. Corruption and Reform 2: 111-126.
• Glees, Anthony. 1988. ―Political Scandals in West Germany. Corruption and Reform 3: 262-276.
• Golden, Miriam A. 2003. ―Electoral Connections: The Effects of the Personal Vote on Political Patronage, Bureaucracy and Legislation in Postwar Italy. British Journal of Political Science 33: 189-212.
• Golden, Miriam, and Chang, Eric C. C. 2001. ―Competitive Corruption: Factional Conflict and Political Malfeasance in Postwar Italian Christian Democracy. World Politics 53: 588-622.
• Grant, Steven A. 2002. ―Moldova Struggles toward Democracy. Washington, D. C.: U.S. Department of State, Office of Research.
• GRECO (Council of Europe, Group of States against Corruption). 2002. Evaluation Report on Germany (First Round). Strasbourg (March). Online
• Guzzini, Stefano. 1995. ―The ‗Long Night of the First Republic‘: Years of Clientelistic Implosion in Italy. Review of International Political Economy 2:1.
• Hine, David. 1995. ―Party, Personality and the Law: The Political Culture of Corruption in Italy‖, in P. N. Jones (ed.), Party, Parliament, and Personality. New York: Routledge.
• Hirst, Derek. 1986. Authority and Conflict: England, 1603-1658. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
• Hurstfield, J. 1973. Freedom, Corruption and Government in Elizabethan England. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
• Hine, David. 1996. ―Political Corruption in Italy. In Little, Walter, and Eduardo Posada
• Carbó, Political Corruption in Europe and Latin America. Basingstoke: Macmilllan Press, 6.
• Jarvis, Christopher. 2000. ―The Rise and Fall of Albania‘s Pyramid Schemes. Finance and Development 37:1 (March), pp. 46-49. Online
• Johnston, Michael. 1991. "Right and Wrong in British Politics: 'Fits of Morality' in Comparative Perspective. Polity XXIV: 1-25.
• Karatnycky, Adrian. 2005. ―Ukraine's Orange Revolution. Foreign Affairs 84:2 (Mar/Apr), pg. 35.
• Kaufmann, Daniel. 1994. ―Diminishing Returns to Administrative Controls and the Emergence of the Unofficial Economy: A Framework of Analysis and Applications to Ukraine. Economic Policy (December), 51-69.
• Keefer, Philip. 1996. ―Protection against a Capricious State: French Investment and Spanish Railroads, 1845–1875. Journal of Economic History 56:1, 170–92.
• Kuzio, Taras; Kravchuk, Robert S.; D'Anieri, Paul J. 1999. State and Institution Building in Ukraine. New York: St. Martin's Press.
• Lizal, Lubomir, and Evzen, Kocenda. 2001. ―The Paradox of Czech Crusaders: Will They Ever Learn the Corruption Lesson? Corruption and Anticorruption in the Czech Republic. Prague: CERGE-EI.
• Markovskaya, Anna, William Alex Pridemore, and Chizu Nakajima. 2003. ―Laws without Teeth: An Overview of the Problems Associated with Corruption in Ukraine. Crime, Law and Social Change 39: 2 (March), pg. 193.
• Nelken, David. 1996. ―The Judges and Political Corruption in Italy. Journal of Law and Society 23: 95-112.
• Obreja, Efim, and Lilia Carasciuc. 2002. ―Corruption in Moldova: Facts, Analysis, Proposals. Chisinau: Transparency International Moldova.
• Obreja, Efim, Viorelia Gasca, and Natalia Calenic. 2003. ―The Customs Activity in the Republic of Moldova and Corruption. Chisinau: Transparency International Moldova.
• O'Leary, Cornelius. 1962. The Elimination of Corrupt Practices in British Elections, 1868–1911. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Owen, David Edwin Wynn. 2001. ―Georgia, Recent Economic Developments and Selected Issues. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund.
• Pasquino, G., and P. McCarthy (eds.). 1993. The End of Post-War Politics in Italy: The Landmark 1992 Elections, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
• Peck, Linda Levy. 1990. Court Patronage and Corruption in Early Stuart England. Boston: Unwin Hyman.
• Percival, Lindsay. 1997. ―Albania: Pyramid Schemes Common Across Eastern Europe. RFE/RL Features (16 January). Online
• Putnam, Robert D. 1993. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
• Rhodes, Martin. 1997. ―Financing Party Politics in Italy: A Case of Systemic Corruption. In Martin J. Bull and Martin Rhodes, Crisis and Transition in Italian Politics, London: Frank Cass.
• Roberts, Clayton. 1966. The Growth of Responsible Government in Stuart England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Rubinstein, W. D. 1983. ―The End of ‗Old Corruption‘ in Britain 1780-1860. Past and Present 101: 55-86.
• Sacks, Paul Martin. 1976. The Donegal Mafia: An Irish Political Machine. New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Seibel, Wolfgang. 1997. ―Corruption in the Federal Republic of Germany Before and in the Wake of Reunification. In Donatella Della Porta and Yves Mény, eds., Democracy and Corruption in Europe, London: Pinter, pp. 85-102.
• Savin, Adrian. 2004. Corruption in Transition: A Political Economy Interpretation: The Case of Romania. Ottawa: National Library of Canada.
• Scanlan, G. Offences concerning directors and officers of a company: Fraud and corruption in the United Kingdom—The present and the future. Journal of Financial Crime, 15: 22-37.
• Sousa, Luis de. 2001. "Political Parties and Corruption in Portugal." West European Politics 24: 1, p. 157.
• Van den Heuvel, G. The parliamentary enquiry on fraud in the Dutch construction industry collusion as concept between corruption and state-corporate crime. Crime, Law and Social Change: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 44: 133-151. Waquet, Jean-Claude. 1996. ―Some Considerations on Corruption, Politics and Society in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Italy. In Little, Walter, and Eduardo Posada Carbó, Political Corruption in Europe and Latin America. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
• Waters, Sarah. 1994. ―‘Tangentopoli‘ and the Emergence of a New Political Order in  Italy.West European Politics, January, 17.
• Wilson, Andrew. 2001. "Ukraine: Virtual Politics, Real Corruption." The World Today 57: 6, p. 14.
• Zemanovicova, Daniela. 2001. ―Corruption in the Slovak Republic as a Problem (Ethical, Moral, Economic, and Politcal) Affecting the Whole Society. Bratislava: Centre for Economic Development, Transparency International Slovakia.

• King, N. Generic womanhood: Gendered depictions in cop action cinema. Gender & Society, 22:238-260.
• Sung, Hung-En. "Fairer sex or fairer system? Gender and corruption revisited." Social Forces, 82:703-723.
• Swamy, Anand, Stephen Knack, Young Lee, and Omar Azfar, Omar. 2001. "Gender and Corruption." Journal of Development Economics 64: 1, p. 25.

• Banfield, Edward. 1975. ―Corruption as a Feature of Governmental Organizations. Journal of Law and Economics 3.
• Caiden, Gerald E.; Dwivedi, O. P.; Jabbra, Joseph G. 2001. Where Corruption Lives. Bloomfield, Conn: Kumarian Press.
• Charlick, Robert. 1993. ―Corruption and Political Transition: A Governance Perspective. Corruption and Reform 7(3): 177-188 (1993).
• Cho Myeong-Hyeon. 2003. ―Reform of corporate governance. Pp. 286-306 in Stephan Haggard, Wonhyuk Lim, and Euysung Kim (eds). Economic Crisis and Corporate Restructuring in Korea. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
• Ghani, Ashraf and Clare Lockhart. 2008. Fixing Failed States: A Framework for Rebuilding a Fractured World. Oxford: Oxford Universitry Press.
• Grabosky, P.N. 1989.Waywood Governance: Illegality and its Control in the Public Sector. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.
• Gruber, Judith E., 1987, Controlling Bureaucracies: Dilemmas in Democratic Governance. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Isham, Jonathan, Daniel Kaufmann, and Lant Pritchett, 1995, 'Governance and Returns on Investment: An Empirical Investigation', Policy Research Working Paper 1550. Washington, DC: The World Bank, Poverty and Human Resources Division.
• Kaufmann, Daniel. 2004. "Corruption, Governance and Security: Challenges for the Rich Countries and the World. In Global Competitiveness Report 2004-2005. Geneva: World Economic Forum 2:83-102.
• Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay, and Pablo Zoido-Lobatón. 1999. "Aggregating Governance Indicators". Washington: The World Bank; August. Online
• Kaufmann, D., Aart Kraay and Pablo Zoido-Lobaton. 1999. "Governance Matters." World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2196, October. Washington D.C.: The World Bank. Online
• Kaufmann, Daniel et al. Growth without Governance. Economía, 3: 169-229.
• La Porta, Rafael, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes, Adrei Shleifer, and Robert Vishny. 1999.
• ―The Quality of Government. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 15: 222-279.
• Regulatory Institutions Network. 2004. Rethinking Regulation: Ideas for Better Governance. Canberra: Australian National University.
• World Bank. 1992. Governance and Development. Washington, D.C.

• Alberti Adriana. Political corruption and the role of public prosecutors in Italy. Crime Law and Social Change, 24: 273-292.
• Brown, E. 2007. Snitch: Informants, cooperators & the corruption of justice. New York, NY: Public Affairs.
• Volcansek Mary L. 1993. Judicial impeachment: none called for justice. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.

• Barker, T. 2006. Police ethics: Crisis in law enforcement. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.
• Becker, Gary, and George Stigler. ―Law Enforcement, Malfeasance and Compensation of Enforcers. Journal of Legal Studies 3: 1-19 (1974).
• Buccirossi, P.; Spagnolo, G. Leniency policies and illegal transactions. Journal of Public Economics, 90: 1281-1297.
• Caless, B. Corruption in the police: The reality of the ―dark side. Police Journal, 8: 3-24.
• Chaikin, David. 2000. ―Tracking the Proceeds of Organized Crime: The Marcos Case. Presented at the Transnational Crime Conference, Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra, March, 9. Online
• Colchester, M.; Boscolo, M.; Contreras-Hermosilla, A. 2006. Justice in the forest: Rural livelihoods and forest law enforcement. Bogor Borat, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research.
• Davids, Cindy. 2008. Conflict of Interest in Policìng: Problems, Practices and Principles. Sydney: Institute of Criminology Press.
• Dempster, Quentin. 1992. Honest Cops: Revealing accounts of Australians who stood up to corruption and suffered the consequences. Sydney: ABC Books.
• Denzau, Arthur T., and Michael C. Munger. 1986. ―Legislators and Interest Groups: How Unorganized Interests Get Represented. American Political Science Review 80: 89-106.
• Hetzer, W. Corruption as business practice? Corporate criminal liability. European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, 15: 383-405.
• Illingworth, Simon. 2006. Filthy Rat: A first-hand account of courage in the face of police corruption. Sydney: ABC Books.
• Keim, Gerald, and Zardkoohi, Asghar. 1988. "Looking for Leverage in PAC Markets: Corporate and Labor Contributions Considered. Public Choice 58: 21-34.
• Miller, Seumas, John Blackler and Andrew Alexandra. 2006. Police Ethics (2nd ed.). Sydney: Allen and Unwin.
• Nelson, Carmilla. 2008. Crooked: Money couldn’t buy a better police force. Sydney/Auckland/Toronto/New York/London: Bantam.
• Nuijten, Monique and Gerhard Anders (Eds.). 2007. Corruption and the secret of Law: A Legal Anthropological Perspective. Aldershot, England/Burlington, USA: Ashgate. 
• Pendergast, William F. 1995. "Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: An Overview of Almost Twenty Years of Foreign Bribery Prosecutions." International Quarterly 7-2: 187-217.
• Polinsky, A Mitchell; Shavell, Steven. 2001. "Corruption and Optimal Law Enforcement." Journal of Public Economics 81: 1, p. 1.
• Sherman, Lawrence W. 1974. Police Corruption: A Sociological Perspective. New York: Doubleday.
• Ward, Richard H. and Robert McCormack. 1987. Managing Police Corruption: International Perspectives. Chicago: office of International Criminal Justice at the University of Illinois at Chicago.

• Adcock, Robert, and David Collier. 2001. ―Measurement Validity: A Shared Standard for Qualitative and Quantitative Research. American Political Science Review 95: 529-546.
• Hellman, Joel S.; Geraint Jones, Daniel Kaufmann, and Mark Schankermann. 2000. "Measuring Governance, Corruption, and State Capture." Washington, DC: The World Bank (April). Online
• Hellman J, Schankerman M. Intervention, corruption and capture - The nexus between enterprises and the state. Economics of Transition, 8: 545-576.
• Johnston, Michael. 2001. "Measuring Corruption: Numbers versus Knowledge versus Understanding. In Arvind K. Jain, ed., The Political Economy of Corruption, (London and New York: Routledge) 8:157-179.
• Johnston, Michael. 2002. "Measuring the New Corruption Rankings: Implications for Analysis and Reform." Ch. 44 in A. J. Heidenheimer and M. Johnston (eds.), Political Corruption: Concepts and Contexts (3d ed.). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, pp. 865-884.
• Kaufmann, Daniel, Joel S. Hellman, Geraint Jones, and Mark A. Schankerman. 2000. ―Measuring Governance, Corruption, and State Capture: How Firms and Bureaucrats Shape the Business Environment in Transition Economies. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2312.  Online
• Knack, S., and Philip Keefer. 1995. "Institutions and Economic Performance: Cross-Country Tests Using Alternative Institutional Measures. Economics and Politics 7:3, 207-227.
• Knack, S. Measuring Corruption: A Critique of Indicators in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Journal of Public Policy, 27: 255-291.
• Reinikka, Ritva, and Jakob Svensson. 2002. ―Measuring and Understanding Corruption at the Micro Level. In Donatella della Porta and Susan Rose-Ackerman, eds., Corrupt Exchanges: Empirical Themes in the Politics and Political Economy of Corruption, Frankfurt: Nomos Verlag.
• Sampford, C.; Shacklock, A.; Connors, C. 2006. Measuring corruption. Hampshire, United Kingdom: Ashgate.
• Seligson, M. A. The measurement and impact of corruption victimization: Survey evidence from Latin America . World Development, 34: 381-404.

• Bob Ingle and Sandy McClure (2008) The Soprano State: New Jersey's Culture of Corruption. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
• Peter DeLeon. (1993) Thinking About Political Corruption. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe.
• Robert N. Roberts, Marion T. Doss Jr.  (1997) From Watergate to Whitewater: The Public Integrity War. Westport, Conn.: Praeger.
• Bruce L. Felknor. Political Mischief: Smear, Sabotage, and Reform in U.S. Elections. New York : Praeger, 1992.
• Dennis F. Thompson. Ethics in Congress: From Individual to Institutional Corruption. Washington, DC : Brookings Institution, 1995.
• James L. Merriner (2004) Grafters and Goo Goos: Corruption and Reform in Chicago, 1833-2003. Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press.
• Stephen D. Morris. (2009)Political corruption in Mexico  the impact of democratization.  Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers
• John Mukum Mbaku (1997) Institutions and Reform in Africa: The Public Choice Perspective. Westport, Conn.: Praeger.
• Richard H. Mitchell. (1996)Political Bribery in Japan. Honolulu, Hawaii : University of Hawai‘i Press.
• Robert Harris. (2003) Political Corruption: In and beyond the Nation State. London ; New York :Routledge.
• Gong, Ting. (1994)The Politics of Corruption in Contemporary China: An Analysis of Policy. Westport, Conn.: Praeger.
• Robert Williams. (2000) Party finance and political corruption. New York : St. Martin's Press.
• Vaughn, Jacqueline. (2007)Managerial discretion in government decision making: beyond the street level. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
• Smith, Daniel Jordan (2007) A culture of corruption: everyday deception and popular discontent in Nigeria / Daniel Jordan Smith. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Robert Klitgaard. 1997. Cleaning up and invigorating the civil service. RAND. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
• Heather Marquette. 2007 Civic education for combating corruption: lessons from Hong Kong and the US for donor-funded programmes in poor countries. University of Birmingham, UK:  John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
• Carolien M. Klein Haarhuis and rans L. Leeuw. 2004. Fighting governmental corruption: the New World Bank programme evaluated. Journal of International Development, Vol 16. No.4, p. 547-561.
• Eric C. C. Chang and Yun-han Chu (2006). Corruption and Trust: Exceptionalism in Asian Democracies? Journal of Politics, Vol. 68, No. 2, p. 259-271.
• Margit Tavits (2007) Clarity of Responsibility and Corruption. American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 51, No. 1, p. 218-229.
• Joarder Mohammad Abdul Munim (2010). Fiscal capacity and multiple-equilibria of corruption: Cross-country evidence. Journal of International Development. ShahJalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
• Bryane Michael (2004) Explaining organizational change in international development: the role of complexity in anti-corruption work. Journal of International Development, Vol. 16, No. 8, p. 1067-1088.
• Damarys Canache and Michael E. Allison. (2005) Perceptions of Political Corruption in Latin American Democracies. Latin American Politics and Society, Vol. 47, No. 3, p. 91-111.
• Alex M. Mutebi (2008) Explaining the Failure of Thailand's Anti-corruption Regime. Development and Change, Vol. 39, No. 1, p. 147-171.
• Nils Bubandt (2006). Sorcery, corruption, and the dangers of democracy in Indonesia. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol.  12, No. 2, p. 413-431.
• Mark E. Warren (2006). Democracy and Deceit: Regulating Appearances of Corruption.  American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 50, No. 1, P. 160-174.
• Mushtaq H. Khan (1996). The efficiency implications of corruption. Journal of International Development, Vol. 8, No. 5, p. 683-696.
• Xiaohui Xin and Thomas K. Rudel. (2004)The Context for Political Corruption: A Cross-National Analysis. Social Science Quarterly, Vo. 85, No. 2, p.294-309
• Verena Fritz. (2007). Democratisation and corruption in Mongolia. ublic Administration and Development, Vo. 27, No. 3, P. 191-203.
• Philippe Le Billon (2003). Buying peace or fuelling war: the role of corruption in armed conflicts. Journal of International Development, Vol. 15, No. 4, p. 413-426.
• Alex Kondos. (1987). The Question of 'Corruption' in Nepal. Mankind, Vol. 17, no. 1, p. 15-29.Jennifer Hasty (2005) The Pleasures of Corruption: Desire and Discipline in Ghanaian Political Culture. Cultural Anthropology, Vol. 20, No. 2, p. 271-301.
• Akhil Gupta. (1995). Blurred boundaries: the discourse of corruption, the culture of politics, and the imagined state. American Ethnologist, Vol. 22, No. 2, p.75-402.
• John Mukum Mbaku (2009) Corruption in Africa Part 1. History Compass, Vol. 7, No. 5, p. 1269-1285.
• Tat Yan Kong (1996). Corruption and its Institutional Foundations: The Experience of South Korea. IDS Bulletin, Vol. 27, No. 2, p. 48-55 Institute of Development Studies.
• Miroslav Beblavý (2009) Conditions for effective large-scale anticorruption efforts and the role of external actors: What does the Slovak experience tell us? Public Administration and Development, Vol. 29, No. 3, p. 180-192.

• Andreas, Peter. 1998. ―The Political Economy of Narco-Corruption in Mexico. Current History 97:160-165. 
• Arias, E. D. 2006. Drugs & democracy in Rio de Janeiro: Trafficking, social networks, & public security. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
• Bailey, John, and Roy Godson, eds. 2000. Organized Crime and Democratic Governability: Mexico and the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
• Balbi, Carmen Rosa, and David Scott Palmer. 2001. ―‘Reinventing‘ Democracy in Peru. Current History 100: 643, p. 65.
• Berg, L. L. , Hahn, H., and Schmidhauser, J. R. 1976. Corruption in the American Political System. Morristown, N.J.: General Learning Press.
• Coronel, Gustavo. 1996. ―Curbing Corruption in Venezuela.Journal of Democracy 7:3, 157-163.
• Davis, D. E. Undermining the rule of law: Democratization and the dark side of police reform in Mexico. Latin American Politics and Society, 48:55-86.
• de Andrade Filho, L. The dynamics of drug-related organised crime and corruption in Brazil from a development perspective . Journal of Financial Crime, 15: 49-59.
• Domínguez, Jorge I.; Pastor, Robert A.; Worrell, DeLisle. 1993. Democracy in The  Caribbean: Political, Economic, and Social Perspectives. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Elizondo, Carlos. 2003. ―After the Second of July: Challenges and Opportunities for the Fox Administration. In Joseph S. Tulchin and Andrew D. Selee, eds., Mexico‘s Politics and Society in Transition. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1: 29-53.
• Falken, Andrea Suarez. 2005. ―Seventy-One Years of PRI Come to an End? Electoral Reform in Mexico. Ch 8 (pp. 131-148) in Michael Johnston, ed., Civil Society and Corruption: Mobilizing for Reform. Lanham, MD: University Press of America/Rowman and Littlefield.
• Flynn, Peter. 1993. "Collor, Corruption and Crisis: Time for Reflection." Journal of Latin American Studies 24: 351-371.
• Freeland, Chrystia. 2000. Sale of the Century: Russia‘s Wild Ride from Communism to Capitalism, New York: Crown Business; London: Little, Brown.
• Garcia Calderon, Ernesto. 2001. "Peru's Decade of Living Dangerously." Journal of Democracy 12, no. 2: 46-58.
• Garreton Merino, Manuel A., and Edward Newman. 2001. Democracy in Latin America: (Re)Constructing Political Society. New York: United Nations University Press.
• Gaviria, Alejandro. 2002. ―Assessing the Effects of Corruption and Crime on Firm Performance: Evidence from Latin America. Emerging Markets Review 3: 245-268.
• Geddes, Barbara, and Artur Riberiro Neto. 1992. ―Institutional Sources of Corruption in Brazil. Third World Quarterly 13(4): 641.
• Grayson, George W. 1980. The Politics of Mexican Oil, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
• Haber, Stephen H. 2001. Crony Capitalism and Economic Growth in Latin America: Theory and Evidence. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press.
• Hamilton-Paterson, James. 1998. America‘s Boy, London: Granta Books.
• Hartlyn, Jonathan. 1994. ―Crisis-Ridden Elections (Again) in ihe Dominican Republic: Neopatrimonialism, Presidentialism, and Weak Electoral Oversight. Journal of InterAmerican Studies and World Affairs 36(10): 91-144.
• Hauptman, Laurence. 1999. Conspiracy of Interests: Iroquois Dispossession and the Rise of New York State, Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
• Johnston, Michael. 1979. "Patrons and Clients, Jobs and Machines: A Case Study of the Uses of Patronage. American Political Science Review 73: 385-398.
• Johnston, Michael. 1982. Political Corruption and Public Policy in America Monterey, CA: Brooks-Cole.
• Johnston, Michael. 1986. "Right and Wrong in American Politics: Popular Conceptions of Corruption. Polity (Originally presented, Political Studies Association of the UK, April 1984) 18:367-391.
• Keck, Margaret E., 1992, 'Brazil: Impeachment!' Report on the Americas, Vol. XXVI, No. 3, pp. 4-7.
• Kennedy, William. 1983. O Albany! New York: Penguin.
• Klitgaard, Robert. 1984. ―Corruption in Mexico. Cambridge, Mass.: Kennedy School of Government, 1984.
• Knight, Alan. 1996. ―Corruption in Twentieth Century Mexico. in Walter Little and Eduardo Posada-Carbó, eds., Political Corruption in Europe and Latin America. Basingstoke: Macmillan 10:219-236.
• Lederman, Daniel,  Norman V. Loayza and Rodrigo R. Soares. 2005.  ACCOUNTABILITY AND CORRUPTION: POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS MATTER. Washington, DC:  World Bank.
• Levine, Bertram J. 2004. ―Unrecorded Legislative Activities: A Study of How Members of the U.S. House of Representatives Work ‗Behind-the-Scenes‘ to Accomplish Policy and Career Objectives. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Political Science, Rutgers University.
• Levy, Daniel C., and Kathleen Bruhn. 2001. Mexico: The Struggle for Democratic Development, Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Lukas, J. Anthony. 1976. Nightmare: The Underside of the Nixon Years, New York: Viking Press.
• Millman, Joel. 1992. ―Local Heroes—Argentina: A Fix on Corruption. Columbia Journalism Review 31:1, 50.
• Morris, Stephen D. 1991. Corruption and Politics in Contemporary Mexico. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
• Morris, Stephen D. 1995. Political Reformism in Mexico: An Overview of Contemporary Mexican Politics, Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
• Morris, Stephen D. 1999. ―Corruption and the Mexican Political System: Continuity and Change. Third World Quarterly 20: 623-643.
• Peters, John G., and Susan Welch. 1978. "Political Corruption in America: A Search for Definitions and a Theory." American Political Science Review 72:3, 974-984.
• Prince, Carl E. 1997. The Federalists and the Origins of the U.S. Civil Service. New York: New York University Press.
• Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, New York: Simon and Schuster.Rauch, James. 1995. "Bureaucracy, Infrastructure, and Economic Growth: Evidence from U.S. Cities During the Progressive Era." American Economic Review 85:4), 968-979.
• Riordon, William L. 1963. Plunkitt of Tammany Hall. New York: E. P. Dutton.
• Roberts, Robert North. 1988. White House Ethics : The History of the Politics of Conflict of Interest Regulation. New York: Greenwood Press.
• Roberts, Robert North. 2001. Ethics in U.S. Government: An Encyclopedia of Investigations, Scandals, Reforms, and Legislation. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
• Rosenn, Keith S.; Downes, Richard. 1999. Corruption and political reform in Brazil: the impact of Collor's impeachment. Coral Gables, Fla: North-South Center Press.
• Rosoff, Stephen, Henry Pontell and Robert Tillman. 2007. Profit Without Honor: White-Collar Crime and the Looting of America (4th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
• Schlesinger, Thomas J., and Kenneth J. Meier. 2002. ―Variations in Corruption among the American States. Selection 33 (pp. 627-644) in Arnold J. Heidenheimer and
• Michael Johnston (eds.), Political Corruption: Concepts and Contexts (3rd ed.). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
• Sinclair, Barbara. 2000. Unorthodox Lawmaking: New Legislative Processes in the U. S. Congress. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press (2d. ed.).
• Sives, Amanda. 1993. "Elites' Behaviour and Corruption in the Consolidation of Democracy in Brazil." Parliamentary Affairs 46: 4, 549-562.
• Thayer, George. 1973. Who Shakes the Money Tree? American Campaign Financing Practices from 1789 to the Present, New York: Simon and Schuster.
• Tornell, Aaron. 2002. ―Economic Crises and Reform in Mexico. In Stephen Haber, ed., Crony Capitalism and Economic Growth in Latin America, Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press 5:127-150.
• Toro, María Celia. 1998. ―The Political Repercussions of Drug Trafficking in Mexico. In Elizabeth Joyce and Carlos Malamud, eds., Latin America and the Multinational DrugTrade, Basingstoke: Macmillan, pp. 133-145.
• Tulchin, Joseph S., and Andrew D. Selee, eds. 2003. Mexico‘s Politics and Society in Transition. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
• Ulloa, Fernando Cepeda. 1994. La corrupcion administrativa en Colombia: Diagnostico y recomendaciones para combatirla. Bogota.
• United States, Federal Election Commission. 1995. Twenty Year Report. Online
• United States, Federal Election Commission. 2004. ―The FEC and the Federal Campaign Finance Law. Online
• United States, Federal Election Commission. 2004b. ―Campaign Finance Reports and Data. Online
• Webman, Jerry A. 1973. ―Political Institutions and Political Leadership: Black Politics in Philadelphia and Detroit. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University, Department of Political Science, unpublished ms.

• Brown, A. J.; Head, Brian. Assessing Integrity Systems: Introduction to the Symposium. Australian Journal of Public Administration. 64:42-47.
• Brown, A. J.; Head, Brian. Institutional Capacity and Choice in Australia's Integrity Systems. Australian Journal of Public Administration. 64:84-95.
• Independent Commission Against Corruption, New South Wales. 1994. ―Unraveling Corruption: A Public Sector Perspective: Survey of NSW Public Sector Employees' Understanding of Corruption and their Willingness to Take Action.‖ ICAC Research Report Number 1 (April).
• QC, Frank Costigan. Australia's National Integrity Systems: Introducing a New Blueprint. Australian Journal of Public Administration. 64:40-41.
• Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Joint Standing Committee on Treaties. 1998. OECD Convention on Combating Bribery and Draft Implementing Legislation, 16th Report. Canberra: Canprint Communications Pty Ltd.
• Perry, Peter John. 2001. Political Corruption in Australia: A Very Wicked Place? Aldershot: Ashgate.
• Peeters, Robert. Don't Rock the Boat: the Commonwealth National Integrity System Assessment. Australian Journal of Public Administration. 64:48-53.
• Sampford, Charles; Smith, Rodney; Brown, A. J. From Greek Temple to Bird's Nest: Towards A Theory of Coherence and Mutual Accountability for National Integrity Systems. Australian Journal of Public Administration. 64:96-108.
• Uhr, John. How Do We Know if it's Working?. Australian Journal of Public Administration. 64:69-76.
• Prenzler, Tim; Lewis, Colleen. Performance Indicators for Police Oversight Agencies. Australian Journal of Public Administration. 64: 77-83.
• Smith, Rodney. Mapping the New South Wales Public Integrity System. Australian Journal of Public Administration. 64:54-61.
• Warburton, John; Baker, Geoff. Integrity Systems and Local Government. Australian Journal of Public Administration. 64:62-68

• Batstone, D. 2007. Not for sale: The return of the global slave trade—and how we can fight it. San Francisco, CA: HarperSanFrancisco.
• Beare, Margaret E. 2003. Critical Reflections on Transnational Organised Crime, Money Laundering and Corruption. Toronto/Buffalo/London: University of Toronto Press.
• Boerman, T. Central American gangs: An overview of the phenomenon in Latin America and the U.S. Journal of Gang Research, 15: pp. 35-52.
• Bussmann, K. Crossing the borders: Economic crime from an international perspective. Monatsschrift für Kriminologie und Strafrechtsreform, 90: 77-276.
• Finckenauer, J. O.; Blakey, G. R.; Carberry, C. A. Labor racketeering. Trends in Organized Crime, 9: 4-126.
• Freidman, Robert I. 2000. Red Mafiya: How the Russian Mob has Invaded America. Boston/New York/London: Little, Brown and Company.
• Holmes, Leslie (Ed.). 2007. Terrorism, Organised crime and Corruption: Networks and linkages. Cheltenham, UK/Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
• Jacobs, J. B. 2006. Mobsters, unions, and feds: The mafia and the American labor movement. New York, NY: New York University Press. 
• Kelly, L. 2005. Fertile fields: Trafficking in persons in Central Asia. Vienna, Austria: International Organization for Migration.
• Lal, R. South Asian organized crime and terrorist networks. Orbis: A Journal of World Affairs, 49: 293-304.
• Narli, N. 2006. Trafficking in persons in South East Europe—A threat to human security. Vienna, Austria: Austrian Federal Ministry of Defence: National Defence Academy and Bureau for Security Policy.
• Tavcer, D. S. The trafficking of women for sexual exploitation: The situation from the Republic of Moldova to Western Europe. Police Practice & Research: An International Journal, 7: 135-147.
• Tiurukanova, E. V. 2006. Human trafficking in the Russian Federation: Inventory and analysis of the current situation and responses. Moscos, Russian Federation: UN/IOM Working Group on Trafficking in Human Beings.
• Sharma, D. Historical traces of Hundi, sociocultural understanding, and criminal abuses of Hawala. International Criminal Justice Review, 16: 99-121.
• Van Duyne, Petrus C. 2004. ―Threats and Phantoms of Organised Crime, Corruption and Terrorism: Critical European Perspectives‖. Fourth Colloquium on Cross-Border Crime, Institute of Criminology, University of Ljubljana. Nijmegen, the Netherlands: Wolf Legal Publishers.
• Wedel, Janine R. 2001. ―Corruption and Organized Crime in Post-Communist States: New Ways of Manifesting Old Patterns. Trends in Organized Crime 7: 3-61.

• Alemann, Ulrich von. 2002. ―Party Finance, Party Donations and Corruption: The German Case. In Donatella Della Porta and Susan Rose-Ackerman, eds., Corrupt Exchanges: Empirical Themes in the Politics and Political Economy Corruption. Baden-Baden: Nomos, pp. 102-117.
• Bryan, Shari, and Denise L. Baer. 2005. ―Money in Politics: A Study of Party Financing Practices in 22 Countries.‖ Washington, D.C.: National Democratic Institute for International Affairs.
• della Porta, Donatella. 2003. ―Parties and Corruption. Crime, Law, and Social Change 42:1 (August, 2004).
• della Porta, Donatella. 2004. ―Parties and Corruption. Crime, Law, and Social Change 66: 35-60.
• Easton, David. 1975. "A Re-Assessment of the Concept of Political Support." British Journal of Political Science 5 (October): 435-57.
• Etzioni, Amitai. 1984. Money Rules: Financing Elections in America, Boulder, CO: Westview.
• Etzioni-Halevy, Eva. 1979. Political Manipulation and Administrative Power: A ComparativeStudy. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
• Finer, S. E. (ed.). 1975. Adversary Politics and Electoral Reform, London: Anthony Wigram.Gierzynski, Anthony. 2000. Money Rules: Financing Elections in America, Boulder, CO: Westview.
• Green, John et. al. 1998. "Individual Congressional Campaign Contributors: Wealthy, Conservative—and Reform-Minded.‖ Chicago: The Joyce Foundation.
• Johnston, Michael. 2002. ―Party Systems, Competition, and Political Checks against Corruption. Ch 40 in Arnold J. Heidenheimer and Michael Johnston, eds., Political Corruption: Concepts and Contexts (3rd ed.). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, pp. 777-794.
• Katz, Richard S., and Peter Mair. 1995. ―Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party.‖ Party Politics 1: pp. 5-28.
• Mair, Peter (with Richard S. Katz). 1997. "Party Organization, Party Democracy, and the Emergence of the Cartel Party". Ch. 5 (pp. 93-119) in Peter Mair, Party System Change: Approaches and Interpretations. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Persson, Torsten; Tabellini, Guido Enrico; Trebbi, Francesco. 2001. "Electoral Rules and Corruption." Cambridge, MA.: National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working paper series no. 8154. Online
• Snyder, James. 1992. ―Long-term Investing in Politicians; Or, Give Early, Give Often. Journal of Law and Economics 35:15-43.
• Wawro, Gregory. 2001. ―A Panel Probit Analysis of Campaign Contributions and Roll-Call Votes. American Journal of Political Science 45: 563-579.

• Appel, Hilary.1997. ―Voucher Privatization in Russia: Structural Consequences and Mass Response in the Second Period of Reform. Europe-Asia Studies 49:1433-1449.
• Block, L. International policing in Russia: Police cooperation between the European Union member states and the Russian Federation. Policing & Society, 17:367-387.
• Bonnell, Victoria E., and George W. Breslauer. 2001. Russia in the new century: stability or disorder? Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
• Breslauer, George W. 2002. Gorbachev and Yeltsin as Leaders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Brovkin, Vladimir N. 2003. ―Corruption in 20th Century Russia. Crime, Law and Social Change. 40: 2-3; pg. 195.
• Brzezinski, Matthew. 2001. Casino Moscow: a tale of greed and adventure on capitalism's wildest frontier. New York: Free Press.
• Burger, Ethan. 2004. ―Corruption in the Russian Arbitrazh Court System. International Lawyer 38:1.
• Cheloukhine, S. The roots of Russian organized crime: From old-fashioned professionals to the organized criminal groups of today. Crime, Law and Social Change: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 50:353-374.
• Coalson, Robert. 2003. ―Can the Kremlin Really Fight Corruption? RFE/RL Russian Political Weekly 3:28, July, 16. Reprinted in JRL 7253, July, 17 2003.
• Dettmer, Jamie. 2003. ―Putin Puts the Pride Back in Russia. Insight, February, 4. Reprinted in JRL 7026, February, 4 2003.
• DiFranceisco, Wayne, and Zvi Gitelman. 1984. ―Soviet Political Culture and Covert Participation‘ in Policy Implementation. American Political Science Review 78: 603-21.
• Ericson, Richard E. 1995. "The Russian Economy Since Independence." In Gail Lapidus, ed. The New Russia: Troubled Transformation. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
• Frisby, Tanya. 1998. ―The Rise of Organised Crime in Russia: Its Roots and Social Significance. Europe-Asia Studies 50: 27-49.
• Galeotti, Mark. 2001. Russian and Post-Soviet Organised Crime. Aldershot: Ashgate.
• Gerber, T. P.; Mendelson, S. E. Public experiences of police violence and corruption in contemporary Russia: A case of predatory policing?. Law & Society Review, 42: 1-43.
• Gilinskiy, Y. Crime in contemporary Russia. European Journal of Criminology, 3: 259-292.
• Goldman, Marshall I. 2003a. The Piratization of Russia: Russian Reform Goes Awry. New York: Routledge.
• Handelman, Stephen. 1995. Comrade Criminal: Russia's New Mafiya. New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Harper, Timothy. 1999. Moscow Madness: Crime, Corruption, and One Man‘s Pursuit of Profit in the New Russia, New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Hoffman, David E. 2002. The Oligarchs: Wealth and Power in the New Russia. New York: Public Affairs.
• Humphrey, Caroline. 2002. The Unmaking of Soviet Life: Everyday Economies After Socialism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
• Jack, Andrew. 2004. Inside Putin’s Russia. London: Granta Books.
• Jowitt, Ken. 1983. ―Soviet Neotraditionalism: The Political Corruption of a Leninist Regime. Soviet Studies 35: 275-297.
• Karush, Sarah. 2002. ―Selling Off the Power Company: A Test of Russia‘s Ability to Reform Economy. San Francisco Chronicle, December, 21. Reprinted in JRL 6612, December 22.
• Kostikov, Vyacheslav. 2003. ―Dizzy with Success: Russia—Stability under Threat. Argumenty I Fakty July, 16. Reprinted in JRL 7253, July, 17 2003.
• Kramer, John M. 1977. ―Political Corruption in the USSR. Western Political Quarterly 213-24 (June).
• Kwon, Richard. ―At a Crossroads. Harvard International Review. 25:1, pg. 12.
• Lavelle, Peter. 2003. ―Opinion: The New and Improved Corruption Equilibrium. TheRussia Journal, reprinted in JRL 7509, February 12, 2003.
• Ledeneva, Alena V. 1998. Russia's Economy of Favours: Blat, Networking, and
• Informal Exchange, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Ledeneva, Alena V. and Marina Kurkchiyan (Eds.). 2000. Economic Crime in Russia. The Hague/Lomndon/Boston: Kluyer Law International.
• Leitzel, Jim. 2002. ―Corruption and Organized Crime in the Russian Transition. In Cuddy, Michael P., and Ruvin Gekker. 2002. Institutional Change in Transition Economies. Aldershot: Ashgate 2:35-54.
• Litvinenko, Alexander and Yuri Felshtinsky. 2007. Blowing up Russia: The Secret Plot to Bring Back KGB Terror. London: Gibson Square.
• McFaul, Michael. 1995. ―State Power, Institutional Change, and the Politics of Privatization in Russia. World Politics 47: 210-243.
• McFaul, Michael. 2001. Russia‘s Unfinished Revolution, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
• McFaul, Michael, Nikolai Petrov, and Andrei Ryabov. 2004. Between Dictatorship and Democracy: Russian Post-Communist Political Reform, Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
• Mendras, Marie. 1997. ―Rule by Bureaucracy in Russia. In Donatella della Porta and Yves Mèny, eds., Democracy and Corruption in Europe, London: Pinter 8:118-131.
• Montias, J.M. and Susan Rose-Ackerman. 1981. "Corruption in a Soviet-type Economy: Theoretical Considerations." In Steven Rosefielde, ed., Economic Welfare and the Economics of Soviet Socialism: Essays in Honor of Abram Bergson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Politkovskaya, Anna. 2007. A Russian Diary. London: Harvill Secker.
• Pribylovsky, Vladimir. 2003. ―Oligarchs of the Putin Era: A Brief Guide to the Russian Oligarchic System. Smysl 1-15 May. Translation reprinted in JRL 7167, 5 May 2003.
• Reddaway, Peter, and Dmitri Glinski. 2001. The Tragedy of Russia‘s Reforms: Market
• Bolshevism against Democracy. Washington: United States Institute of Peace Press.
• Rimsky, Vladimir. 2005. ―Bureaucracy, Clientage, and Corruption in Russia. Social Sciences 36:2, pp. 32-44.
• Safavian, Mehnaz S., Douglas H. Graham, and Claudio Gonzalez-Vega. 2001."Corruption and Microenterprises in Russia" World Development 29: 7, 1215-1224.
• Satter, David. 2003. Darkness at Dawn: The Rise of the Russian Criminal State, New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Schwartz, Charles A. 1979. ―Corruption and Political Development in the U.S.S.R. Comparative Politics 11: 425-443.
• Serio, J. D. 2008. Investigating the Russian mafia. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press
• Shlapentokh, Vladimir. 2004. ―Wealth Versus Political Power: The Russian Case. Communist and Post-Communist Studies 37:2 (June), pg. 135.
• Simis, Konstantin. 1982. USSR: The Corrupt Society. New York: Simon and Schuster.
• Szilágyi, Ákos. 2002. ―Kompromat and Corruption in Russia. In Stephen Kotkin and Andras Sajo, eds., Political Corruption in Transition: A Sceptic‘s Handbook, Budapest and New York: Central European University Press, pp. 207-231.
• Vaksberg, Arkady. 1992. The Soviet Mafia, New York: St. Martin‘s Press.
• Varese, Federico. 1994. "Is Sicily the Future of Russia? Private Protection and the Risk of the Russian Mafia." Archives of European Sociology 35: 224-258.
• Varese, Federico. 1997. ―The Transition to the Market and Corruption in Post-socialist Russia. Political Studies 45: 579-596.
• Varese, Federico. 2001. The Russian Mafia: Private Protection in a New Market Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Volkov, Vadim. 2002. Violent Entrepreneurs: The Use of Force in the Making of Russian Capitalism, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
• Weir, Fred. 2002. ―In Post-Soviet Russia, Politics Proves Perilous Profession. Christian Science Monitor, December, 27.
• Weir, Fred. 2003. ―Open Season on Russia‘s Tycoons. Christian Science Monitor, July, 17.
• Wesolowsky, Tony. 2003. ―From Russia, with Love. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 59:1 (January-February), pp. 15-17.
• White, Stephen. Alex Pravda, and Zvi Y. Gitelman. 2001. Developments in Russian Politics (5th ed). Basingstoke: Palgrave.

• Barker, Anthony. The Upturned Stone: Political Scandals in Twenty Democracies and Their Investigation Processes. Essex Papers in Politics and Government. No. 92, Location University of Essex, 1992.
• Blechinger, Verena. 1999. ―Changes in the Handling of Corruption Scandals in Japan Since 1994. Asian-Pacific Review 6: 42-64.
• Blechinger, Verena. 2000. ―Corruption through Political Contributions in Japan: Report on Recent Bribery Scandals, 1996-2000. Paper presented at a conference on Bribery and Party Finance, sponsored by Transparency International, Villa La Pietra, Florence, Italy; October.
• Greene, Robert W. 1981. The Sting Man: Inside Abscam. New York: Dutton.
• Hemmens, C. American skin: The Duke lacrosse rape scandal and the intersection of race, class, gender, and injustice. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 33: 297-306.
• Markovits, Andrei S., and Mark Silverstein. 1988. The Politics of Scandal: Power and Process in Liberal Democracies. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1988.
• Moody-Stewart, George. 1980. ―On Political Scandals and Corruption. Government and Opposition 15:2, 208-222.
• Thompson, Dennis F. 1993. "Mediated Corruption: The Case of the Keating Five." American Political Science Review 87:2, 369-381.
• Williams, Robert J. 2000. Political Scandals in the USA, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn.

• Blank, Stephen. Ivanov, Chemezov, and State Capture of the Russian Defense Sector. Problems of Post-Communism, 55:49-60.
• Campos, J. Edgardo and Sanjay Pradhan (Eds.): The Many Faces of Corruption: Tackling vulnerabilities at the Sector Level. Washington: The EWorld bank, 2007.
• Inter-American Development Bank. 2002. Corruption in Health Services. Papers presented, 10th International Anti-Corruption Conference, 2001: Prague, Czech Republic. Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Development Bank.
• Olsen, William P.. The Anti-Corruption Handbook: How to Protect Your Business in the Global Marketplace.
• Jagannathan, N. Vijay. 1986. ―Corruption, Delivery Systems, and Property Rights. World Development 14(1): 127-132. 88

• Bortolotti, Bernardo and Perotti, Enrico C. From Government to Regulatory Governance: Privatization and the Residual Role of the State(December 2005). FEEM Working Paper No. 151.05. Online
• Cox, M. 2008. State of corruption, state of chaos: The terror of political malfeasance. Lanham, MD: Lexington.
• Dobel, J.P. 1978. "The Corruption of a State." American Political Science Review 72(3): 958-973 (September 1978).
• Doig, Alan. 1999. "In the State We Trust? Democratisation, Corruption and Development." The Journal of Commonwealth & comparative politics 37, no. 3: 13 (24 pages)
• Euben, J.P. 1978. ―On Political Corruption. The Antioch Review 36:1 (Winter), pp: 103-18.
• Gerring, John, and Strom C. Thacker. 2004. ―Political Institutions and Corruption: The Role of Unitarism and Parliamentarism. British Journal of Political Science 34: 295-330. Goldsmith, Arthur A. 1999. "Slapping the grasping hand: correlates of political corruption in emerging markets." The American Journal of Economics and Sociology v. 58, no. 4 (October), p. 865-83.
• Goodman, Timothy. 1994. ―Political Corruption: The Payoff Diminishes. American Enterprise 5(9): 19-27.
• Grzymala-Busse, Anna. Beyond Clientelism: Incumbent State Capture and State Formation. Comparative Political Studies, 41:638-673.
• Heidenheimer, Arnold J. (ed.). 1970. Political Corruption: Readings in Comparative Analysis. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
• Hellman, Joel S., Geraint Jones, and Daniel Kaufmann. 2000. ―Seize the State, Seize the Day: State Capture, Corruption, and Influence in Transition. Policy Research Working Paper 2444. Washington, DC: The World Bank. Heywood, Paul (Ed.). 1997. Political Corruption. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
• Hopkin, J. 1997. "Political Parties, Political Corruption, and the Economic Theory of Democracy." Crime, Law, and Social Change 27, no. 3/4: 255.
• Jelloun, Tahar Ben: Corruption. New York: The New Press, 1995.
• Johnston, Michael. 1993. "Political Corruption: Historical Conflict and the Rise of Standards. In Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, eds., the Global Resurgence of Democracy. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press) 18:193-205.
• Johnston, Michael. 1996. "The Search for Definitions: The Vitality of Politics and the Issue of Corruption. International Social Science Journal (English language version) 149: 321-335.
• Johnston, Michael. 1997. 'Public Officials, Private Interests, and Sustainable Democracy: Connections between Politics and Corruption', in Kimberly Elliott (ed.), Corruption and the Global Economy. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics: Ch. 3.
• Kapstein, Ethan B. 1998. "Reviving the state?" World Policy Journal 15(1): 99-106 (Spring).
• Kramer, John M. 1998. ―The Politics of Corruption. Current History 97: 329-335.
• Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1963. Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
• Meny, Y. 1996. ―Politics, Corruption, and Democracy: The 1995 Stein Rokkan Lecture. European Journal of Political Research 30:2, 111-124.
• Nugent, D. 2001. "Corruption in Low Places: Sewers and Succession to Political Office." Journal of Historical Sociology 14: 2, pp. 135-148.
• Nye, Joseph. 1967. "Corruption and Political Development: A Cost-Benefit Analysis." American Political Science Review 61 (June): 417-27.
• Peršak, N. Postmoderni diskurzi (ne)varnosti. (Postmodern security discourse). Revija za Kriminalistiko in Kriminologijo, 57: 331-339.
• Rose-Ackerman, Susan. 1978. Corruption: A Study in Political Economy. New York: Academic Press.
• Schedler, Andreas, Larry Diamond, and Marc F. Plattner. 1999. The Self-Restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1999.
• Seligson, Mitchell A. 2002. ―The Renaissance of Political Culture or the Renaissance of the Ecological Fallacy. Comparative Politics 34: 273-92.
• Senturia, J. A. 1935. "Corruption, Political." Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences Vol. IV. New York: Crowell-Collier-Macmillan.
• Shefter, Martin, 1976, 'The Emergence of the Political Machine: An Alternative View', in Willis D. Hawley et. al., Theoretical Perspectives on Urban Politics, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
• Shumer, S. M. 1979. "Machiavelli: Republican Politics and Its Corruption", Political Theory 7: 5-34.
• Swart, Koenrad W. 2002 ed. "The Sale of Public Offices." Selection 6, pp. 95-106 in Arnold J. Heidenheimer and Michael Johnston (eds.), Political Corruption: Concepts and Context (3rd ed.). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
• Ulimwengu, Jenerali T.K. 1995. "The Role of Parliament." Delivered to the Transparency International-EDI Workshop on National Integrity, Arusha, Tanzania, 1112 August.
• Weber, Max, 1946 ed., 'The Presuppositions and Causes of Bureaucracy', in H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (eds.), From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, New York: Oxford University Press.
• Whitehead, Laurence. 1983. ―On Presidential Graft: The Latin American Evidence. In Michael Clark, ed. Corruption: Causes, Consequences and Control. London: Frances Pinter.
• Williams, Robert. 1999. "New Concepts for Old." Third World Quarterly 20: 503-513.
• Williams, Robert. 1999. "The New Politics of Corruption." Third World Quarterly 20: 487-489.
• World Bank, 1997. The State in a Changing World: World Development Report 1997, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Wright, John R. 1996. Interest Groups and Congress. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
• Yakovlev, A. The Evolution of Business – State Interaction in Russia: From State Capture to Business Capture. Europe-Asia Studies, 58: 1033-1056.
• Yakovlev, A., Zhuravskaya, E. State Capture: From Yeltsin to Putin. No w0094, Working Papers from Center for Economic and Financial Research (CEFIR).

• Shelley, Louise I. 1998. "Crime and Corruption in the Digital Age." Journal of International Affairs 51:2. 605-620.

• Armijo, Leslie E., Thomas J. Biersteker, and Abraham F. Lowenthal. 1994. ―The Problem of Simultaneous Transitions. Journal of Democracy 5:4, pp. 161-175.
• Barnes, A. Extricating the State: The Move to Competitive Capture in Post Communist Bulgaria. Europe-Asia Studies, 59: 71-95.Collins, Paul. 1993. "Civil Service Reform and Retraining in Transitional Economies: Strategic Issues and Options." Public Administration and Development 13: 325-344. Comparative Politics 18(4): 459-477.
• Francesco, Ronald A. 2000. The Politics of Regime Transitions. Boulder: Westview.
• Hellman, Joel S., and Daniel Kaufmann. 2004. ―The Inequality of Influence. In Janos Kornai and Susan Rose-Ackerman, eds., Building a Trustworthy State in Post-Socialist Transition, New York: Palgrave, pp. 100-118.
• Hellman, J, Kaufmann, D. Confronting the Challenge of State Capture in Transition Economies. Finance and Development, 38:31-35.
• Hollifield, James Frank, and Calvin C. Jillson. 2000. Pathways to Democracy: The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions. New York: Routledge.
• Huntington, Samuel P. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Iwasaki, Ichiro; Suzuki, Taku. Transition strategy, corporate exploitation, and state capture: An empirical analysis of the former Soviet states. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 40: 393-422.
• Jensen, N. Economic Reform, State Capture and International Investment in Transition Economies. Journal of International Development, 14:973-977.
• Karklins, Rasma. 2002. ―Typology of Post-Communist Corruption. Problems of Post- Communism, 49: 22-32.
• Karklins, Rasma. 2005. The System Made Me Do It: Corruption in Post-Communist Societies. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
• Karl, Terry Lynn, and Philippe C. Schmitter. 1991. "Modes of Transition in Latin America, Southern and Eastern Europe." International Social Science Journal 28 (May): 269-284.
• Kaufmann, Daniel, and Aleksander Kaliberda. 1996. "Integrating the Unofficial Economy into the Dynamics of Post-Socialist Economies: A Framework of Analysis and Evidence. In B. Kaminski, ed., Economic Transition in Russia and the New States of Eurasia, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
• Kaufmann, Daniel, and Paul Siegelbaum. 1997. "Privatization and Corruption in Transition Economies." Journal of International Affairs 50(2): 519-58.
• Kornai, Janos, and Susan Rose-Ackerman. 2004. Building a Trustworthy State in Post- Socialist Transition. New York: Palgrave Macmillian.
• Kotkin, Stephen, and Andras Sajo. 2002. Political Corruption in Transition: A Skeptic's Handbook. Budapest: Central European University Press.
• Kung, Hsiao-hsia., and Maris Gillette. 1993. Corruption and Abuses of Power During the Reform Era. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
• Linz, Juan J., and Alfred Stepan. 1996. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Lotspeich, Richard. 1995. ―Crime in Transitional Economies. Euro-Asia Studies 47(4): 555-589.
• Marshall, Monty G., and Keith Jaggers. 2000. ―Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-1999. Dataset Users Manual. Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland. Online
• Moses, Joel C. 2002. Dilemmas in Post-Soviet Transitions. Ames, Iowa: Burnham.
• Pesic, Vesna. State Capture and Widespread Corruption in Serbia. CEPS Working Document No.262/March 2007.
• Prateek, Goorha. 2000. "Corruption: Theory and Evidence through Economies in Transition." International Journal of Social Economics 27: 12, 1180-1204.
• Rimanelli, Marco (ed.). 1999. Comparative Democratization and Peaceful Change in Single-Party Dominant Countries. New York: St. Martin‘s.
• Rustow, Dankwart A. 1970. ―Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model. Comparative Politics 2:3, 337-363.
• Smith, Hedrick. ―The Russians. Processes and Corruption in Transition States in East Europe and the Former Soviet Union. Budapest: Institute for Constitutional and Legislative Policy, 1994.
• Winckler, Edwin A. (ed.) 1999. Transition from Communism in China: Institutional and Comparative Analyses. Boulder: Lynne Reinner.

• Bac, Mehmet. 2001. "Corruption, Connections and Transparency: Does a Better Screen Imply a Better Scene?" Public Choice 107: 1, p. 87.
• Accountability and Transparency in International Economic Development: The Launching of Transparency International (Deutsche Stiftung für internationale Entwicklung DSE.
• Klitgaard, Robert. 1997. ―Cleaning Up and Invigorating the Civil Service. Report prepared for the Operations Evaluation Department of the World Bank (March).
• Transparency International. 1996. A National Integrity Source Book for Building More Transparent and Accountable Government. Berlin: Transparency International.

• Anderson, Peter. 1996. So Exposing corruption: a CJC guide to whistleblowing in Queensland. Brisbane, AUS: Queensland Criminal Justice Commission.
• Boss Maria S; George Barbara Crutchfield. Challenging conventional views of white collar crime: should the criminal justice system be refocused?. Criminal Law Bulletin, 28: 32-58.
• De Maria, William. Whistleblower protection: is Africa ready? Public Administration and Development; 25:217-226.
• De Maria William; Jan CyrelleBehold. The shut-eyed sentry! Whistleblower perspectives on government failure to correct wrongdoing. Crime Law and Social Change, 24:151-166.
• Glazer Myron Peretz; Glazer Penina Migdal.1988. The whistle blowers: exposing corruption in government and industry. New York: Basic Books.
• Henderson, Kimberly. 1995. Whistleblowers. Berlin: Transparency International.
• Miethe Terance D . 1999. Whistleblowing at work: tough choices in exposing fraud, waste, and abuse on the job . Boulder, CO: Westview Pres.
• Queensland (Australia) Criminal Justice Commission . 1994. Whistleblowers - concerned citizens or disloyal mates?. Toowong, AUS: [s.n.].
• Rosecrance John. Whistleblowing in probation departments. Journal of Criminal Justice, 16:99-109.
• Smith Elaine Seth; Dehn Guy. 1996. An analysis of the law and practices in Europe which affect attitudes toward whistleblowing, fraud & the European Union . London, UK: Public Concern at Work. US Comptroller General . 1985. Whistleblower complainants rarely qualify for Office of the Special Counsel protection. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office.

Yahong Zhang and Cecilia Lavena eds. (2015) Government Anti-Corruption Strategies: A Cross-Cultural Perspective

Abstract

This book provides you with a better understanding of public corruption and governments’ anti-corruption practices. It outlines a general framework of anti-corruption strategies that governments undertake to effectively curb corrupt practices and covers case studies of anti-corruption efforts in several countries, including China, India, South Korea, Nepal, and Central and Eastern European countries. The book focuses on developing and transitional countries, where the depth and effects of corruption are especially severe. The cases highlight examples of failure as well as success so that the complexity of corruption issues and the reasons why corruption persists can be better understood.

Most of the contributors to each chapter are native to the countries under discussion and provide an insider’s view and analysis. They expose some of the appalling depths to which corruption can go. In governments where accountability is generally weak, legal institutions are poorly developed, civil liberties and political competition are often restricted, and laws are frequently flouted, it is the people who ultimately suffer.

William P. Olsen. The Anti-Corruption Handbook: How to Protect Your Business in the Global Marketplace.

Abstract

Written by the National Practice Leader of Forensic Accounting, Fraud and Investigations at Grant Thornton, The Anti-Corruption Handbook: How to Protect Your Business in the Global Marketplace provides guidelines addressing the challenges of maintaining business integrity in the global marketplace. Timely and thought provoking, this book reveals the risks of doing business in the global marketplace and the precautions organizations can take to mitigate these risks.

Rick Stapenhurst , Niall Johnston , Riccardo Pelizzo., eds. (2006) The Role of Parliaments in Curbing Corruption. Washington D.C.: The World Bank.

Abstract

In most countries, parliament has the constitutional mandate to both oversee government and to hold government to account; often, audit institutions, ombuds and anti-corruption agencies report to parliament, as a means of ensuring both their independence from government and reinforcing parliament's position at the apex of accountability institutions. At the same time, parliaments can also play a key role in promoting accountability, through constituency outreach, public hearings, and parliamentary commissions. This title will be of interest to parliamentarians and parliamentary staff, development practitioners, students of development and those interested in curbing corruption and improving governance in developing and developed countries alike.

Derick W. Brinkerhoff (2000) Assessing political will for anti-corruption efforts: an analytic framework. Maryland, USA:  John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abstract

This article focuses on analyzing political will as it relates to the design, initiation, and pursuit of anti-corruption activities. The article elaborates an analytic framework for political will that partitions the concept into a set of characteristics/indicators, and elaborates the external factors that influence the expression and intensity of political will in a particular situation. The conceptual model identifies the links among the characteristics of political will and these external factors, and traces their resulting influence on the support for, design of, and outcomes of anti-corruption reforms. The conceptual framework for political will draws upon analysis and field experience with implementing policy change in a variety of sectors, including anti-corruption. The article closes with recommendations on the practical applications of the framework.

Daniel Lederman, Norman V. Loayza and Rodrigo R. Soares. 2005.  ACCOUNTABILITY AND CORRUPTION: POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS MATTER. Washington, DC:  World Bank

Abstract

This study uses a cross-country panel to examine the determinants of corruption, paying particular attention to political institutions that increase accountability. Even though the theoretical literature has stressed the importance of political institutions in determining corruption, the empirical literature is relatively scarce. Our results confirm the role of political institutions in determining the prevalence of corruption. Democracies, parliamentary systems, political stability, and freedom of press are all associated with lower corruption. Additionally, common results of the previous empirical literature, related to openness and legal tradition, do not hold once political variables are taken into account.

Robert Klitgaard. 1997. Cleaning up and invigorating the civil service. RAND. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abstract

Reliable quantitative estimates are not available of: (1) the quality of civil service performance and changes therein as the result of development projects, or (2) the importance of civil service performance for various development outcomes. Nonetheless, anecdotal evidence indicates that in some countries government performance has indeed collapsed, with calamitous effects on development. Although poor government performance is theoretically overdetermined - there are many possible causes, which we cannot disentangle in practice - a plausible story can be told based on institutional economics, using such concepts as information, incentives, and credible commitment. This version of both problems and solutions is supported by examples of successful reforms. The article argues that institutional adjustment deserves more consideration as a basis for reforms. Two practical examples are discussed in some detail: improving incentives in the public sector and strategies to combat corruption.

Heather Marquette. 2007 Civic education for combating corruption: lessons from Hong Kong and the US for donor-funded programmes in poor countries. University of Birmingham, UK:  John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abstract

Donors are increasingly funding projects and programmes that fit under the general rubric of civic education. These tend to address both targeted problems within a country and wider institutional reforms, including, for example, projects aimed at voter education for first time elections within a country, or human rights education in countries coming out of a non-democratic system. More recently, donors are funding civic education for both adults and children to help fight corruption. This article looks at lessons from two well-known models for civic education, one of which targets corruption specifically and one which targets wider civic values: the Hong Kong Independent Commission Against Corruption's (ICAC) community relations programme, and the US civic education, including programmes funded by USAID in other countries. It argues that both the Hong Kong and US experiences of civic education demonstrate how unlikely it is that donors will produce similar results with a fraction of the budget and in environments characterized by weak institutions, widespread illiteracy, crumbling or non-existent schools and inadequate training for teachers. It also explores how, in fact in both cases, corruption forms only a very small part of much wider civic education curricula based on citizenship, not corruption, and discusses the implications of this for donors.

More books

• Bob Ingle and Sandy McClure (2008) The Soprano State: New Jersey's Culture of Corruption. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
• Peter DeLeon. (1993) Thinking About Political Corruption. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe.
• Robert N. Roberts, Marion T. Doss Jr.  (1997)From Watergate to Whitewater: The Public Integrity War. Westport, Conn.: Praeger.
• Bruce L. Felknor. Political Mischief: Smear, Sabotage, and Reform in U.S. Elections. New York : Praeger, 1992.
• Dennis F. Thompson. Ethics in Congress: From Individual to Institutional Corruption. Washington, DC : Brookings Institution, 1995.
• James L. Merriner (2004) Grafters and Goo Goos: Corruption and Reform in Chicago, 1833-2003. Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press.
• Stephen D. Morris. (2009)Political corruption in Mexico  the impact of democratization.  Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers
• John Mukum Mbaku (1997) Institutions and Reform in Africa: The Public Choice Perspective. Westport, Conn.: Praeger.
• Richard H. Mitchell. (1996)Political Bribery in Japan. Honolulu, Hawaii : University of Hawai‘i Press.
• Robert Harris. (2003) Political Corruption: In and beyond the Nation State. London ; New York :Routledge.
• Gong, Ting. (1994)The Politics of Corruption in Contemporary China: An Analysis of Policy. Westport, Conn.: Praeger.
• Ting Gong Outcomes
• Robert Williams. (2000) Party finance and political corruption. New York : St. Martin's Press.
• Vaughn, Jacqueline. (2007)Managerial discretion in government decision making: beyond the street level. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
• Smith, Daniel Jordan (2007) A culture of corruption: everyday deception and popular discontent in Nigeria / Daniel Jordan Smith. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Zhang, Yahong, and Min-Hyu Kim. "Do Public Corruption Convictions Influence Citizens’ Trust in Government? The Answer Might Not Be a Simple Yes or No." The American Review of Public Administration (2017): 0275074017728792.

​Abstract

The influence of corruption convictions on government trust is complicated. On one hand, they may reflect the severity of corruption in a jurisdiction. On the other hand, they might indicate the degree of anticorruption efforts. Existing literature has suggested the severity of corruption’s negative effects and the positive effect of anticorruption efforts on institutional trust. This research synthesized existing studies, identified the intellectual puzzle in the literature, and developed open hypotheses to investigate the way in which corruption convictions systematically affect citizens’ trust in government. State- level panel data merged from different sources were used for the empirical analyses. The results showed a positive influence of corruption convictions on public trust in government. 

Klein Haarhuis, Carolien M., and Frans L. Leeuw. "Fighting governmental corruption: the new World Bank programme evaluated." Journal of international development 16, no. 4 (2004): 547-561.

Abstract

Over the past decade, the international donor community has come up with a range of initiatives to curb governmental corruption in developing countries. Top-down approaches devise administrative and judicial reforms, whereas bottom-up approaches deal with the process of awareness - raising in civil society. The World Bank currently integrates these top-down and bottom-up approaches in a combined anti-corruption programme. In this paper, the most recent version of this World Bank's training programme is reconstructed and assessed. Several core approaches in the programme, such as the strengthening of civil society and the privatisation of parastatals, turn out to have unintended consequences. The empirical support is largely case-specific and turns out to be highly conditional. It is concluded that indicators need to be developed to assess the relevance of national anti-corruption policies to country-specific governance and anti-corruption conditions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Eric C. C. Chang and Yun-han Chu (2006). Corruption and Trust: Exceptionalism in Asian Democracies? Journal of Politics, Vol. 68, No. 2, p. 259-271.

Abstract

While voluminous studies have attributed the continuing decline of institutional trust to political corruption, the link between corruption and institutional trust in Asia has yet to be explored systematically. Testing the effect of corruption on institutional trust is theoretically important and empirically challenging, since many suggest that contextual factors in Asia, such as political culture and electoral politics, might neutralize the negative impact of corruption. Utilizing data from the East Asia Barometer, we find a strong trust-eroding effect of political corruption in Asian democracies. We also find no evidence that contextual factors lessen the corruption-trust link in Asia. The trust-eroding effect holds uniformly across all countries examined in this study and remains robust even after taking into account the endogenous relationship between corruption and trust.

Margit Tavits (2007) Clarity of Responsibility and Corruption. American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 51, No. 1, p. 218-229.

Abstract

 This article demonstrates that political institutions influence the level of corruption via clarity of responsibility. The key hypothesis is that when political institutions provide high clarity of responsibility, politicians face incentives to pursue good policies and reduce corruption. These incentives are induced by the electorates' rejection of incumbents who do not provide satisfactory outcomes. However, if lines of responsibility are not clear, the ability of voters to evaluate and punish politicians2014as well as to create incentives for performance2014declines. The findings confirm that countries with institutions that allow for greater clarity of responsibility have lower levels of corruption.

Joarder Mohammad Abdul Munim (2010). Fiscal capacity and multiple-equilibria of corruption: Cross-country evidence. Journal of International Development. ShahJalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh

Abstract

 We test the proposition that higher initial fiscal capacity of a nation strengthens law and order, and therefore, inhibit corruption, and in a multiple-equilibria setting, the economy will move towards the low-corruption stable equilibrium. We have found a significant relationship between more initial fiscal capacity and less corruption in a large cross-section of countries that became independent after World War II. Our findings also suggest that higher initial revenue capacity is a necessary condition but not a sufficient condition to reduce corruption. A government's willingness (benevolence) is also needed to combat corruption. Both of these variables help the economy to converge towards a lsquolow-corruption stable equilibriumrsquo. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Bryane Michael (2004) Explaining organizational change in international development: the role of complexity in anti-corruption work. Journal of International Development, Vol. 16, No. 8, p. 1067-1088.

Abstract

 What explains the rapid expansion of programmes undertaken by donor agencies which may be labelled as lsquoanti-corruption programmesrsquo in the 1990s? There are four schools of anti-corruption project practice: universalistic, state-centric, society-centric, and critical schools of practice. Yet, none can explain the expansion of anti-corruption projects. A lsquocomplexity perspectiversquo offers a new framework for looking at such growth. Such a complexity perspective addresses how project managers, by strategically interacting, can create emergent and evolutionary expansionary self-organisation. Throughout the lsquofirst waversquo of anti-corruption activity in the 1990s, such self-organization was largely due to World Bank sponsored national anti-corruption programmes. More broadly, the experience of the first wave of anti-corruption practice sheds light on development theory and practice - helping to explain new development practice with its stress on multi-layeredness, participation, and indigenous knowledge. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Damarys Canache and Michael E. Allison. (2005) Perceptions of Political Corruption in Latin American Democracies. Latin American Politics and Society, Vol. 47, No. 3, p. 91-111.

Abstract

Political corruption poses a serious threat to the stability of developing democracies by eroding the links between citizens and governments. Using data on national levels of corruption (Transparency International 1997 CPI index) and individual opinion (1995-97 World Values Survey), this study finds that Latin Americans are quite aware of the seriousness of corruption in their countries. The ensuing question is whether citizens can connect their views about corruption to appraisals of their authorities and institutions and of democracy more generally. Collectively, the findings suggest that they can, and that the necessary ingredients for accountability are present in Latin America. The possible dark side of mass opinion on corruption is that pervasive misconduct may poison public sentiment toward democratic politics. On this score, the analysis found that this attitude affected only support for specific administrations and institutions.

Alex M. Mutebi (2008) Explaining the Failure of Thailand's Anti-corruption Regime. Development and Change, Vol. 39, No. 1, p. 147-171.

Abstract

 Despite the presence of strong anti-corruption policies, state and regulatory capture may persist and thrive in the highest echelons of government. This article explores such a case, that of Thailand under former Prime Minister, Thaksin Shinawatra. The author argues that the primary explanation for this contradiction lies in Thailand's post-1997 anti-corruption framework. Because of the ascendancy of a business2013politics nexus more powerful in blocking reform than Thai constitutional drafters had anticipated, and because of the decline in political contestability as a result of Thaksin's control of both the legislature and the executive, the stage was set for a dramatic increase in the levels of state capture. The author suggests that effective control of such political corruption calls for a strategy which extends far beyond the technocratic approaches used by Thai reformers in the mid to late 1990s.

Nils Bubandt (2006). Sorcery, corruption, and the dangers of democracy in Indonesia. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol.  12, No. 2, p. 413-431.

Abstract

 Magic is the continuation of politics by other means. This, at least, has been the case in North Maluku since the political reshuffle that followed the fall of Suharto and the implementation of decentralization in Indonesia. The strategies pursued by the regional elite to obtain lucrative positions in the new landscape opened up by regional autonomy are thus seen to be thwarted by sorcery from political rivals. Following the life and death of Muhammad, a North Malukan political entrepreneur, I show how sorcery plays an integral part in the new politics of democratization in Indonesia. Political sorcery thrives, I argue, in a complex moral economy that mixes local ideas of sociality, political practices of patrimonialism, and global discourses of democracy. Sorcery and corruption are part of the same political imagination, because both speak ambivalently to the problems of power in times of change. Rather than being anathema to democracy, as the new global discourse on transparency would have it, the occult politics of corruption and sorcery are among the means through which a contested form of democracy is conceptualized and implemented in Indonesia.

Mark E. Warren (2006). Democracy and Deceit: Regulating Appearances of Corruption.  American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 50, No. 1, P. 160-174.

Abstract

 While corruption has long been recognized as an appropriate object of regulation, concern with appearances of corruption is of recent origin, coinciding with declining trust in government in the mid- to late-1960s. The reasoning that would support regulations of appearances, however, remains flawed, as it depends upon a "public trust" model of public service that is incomplete and often misplaced when applied to political representatives. The justification for regulating appearances is unambiguous, however, from the perspective of democratic theory. Democratic institutions of representation depend upon the integrity of appearances, not simply because they are an indication of whether political representatives are upholding their public trust, but because they provide the means through which citizens can judge whether, in particular instances, their trust is warranted. Representatives, institutions, and ethics that fail to support public confidence in appearances disempower citizens by denying them the means for inclusion in public judgments. These failures amount to a corruption of democratic processes.

Mushtaq H. Khan (1996). The efficiency implications of corruption. Journal of International Development, Vol. 8, No. 5, p. 683-696.

Abstract

 Corruption has different efficiency effects across countries. Conventional economic models of corruption are shown to be deficient in explaining these differences. Instead the article suggests that the distribution of power within the patron-client networks in which corruption is taking place is an important variable explaining the differences in the efficiency effects of corruption. Where patrons are powerful the range of rights transacted is limited and the allocation is likely to be efficiency maximizing. In contrast where patrons are weak the range of rights transacted is likely to be much wider with the rights allocated according to political calculations with large efficiency costs.

Xiaohui Xin and Thomas K. Rudel. (2004)The Context for Political Corruption: A Cross-National Analysis. Social Science Quarterly, Vo. 85, No. 2, p.294-309

Abstract

How do we explain variations across nations in the incidence of political corruption? Recent theoretical work locates the causes for corruption in a combination of institutional conditions: monopoly power, little accountability, and wide discretion. This focus on the form of political institutions clarifies the micro-scale causes of political corruption, but it leaves unanswered questions about the macro-scale causes of corruption. This article addresses these questions about the macro scale through an analysis of perceived levels of corruption across nations. Our work identifies poverty, large populations, and small public sectors as contextual causes of corruption. Historically-based differences in political cultures across broad geographical regions also affect the perceived incidence of corruption in nations. Further research should attempt to link micro- and macro-scale causes together in a single, multi-scalar model of corruption.

Verena Fritz. (2007). Democratisation and corruption in Mongolia. ublic Administration and Development, Vo. 27, No. 3, P. 191-203.

Abstract

More democratic and open systems of government are generally assumed to contain corruption. Subsequent to the end of the communist system in 1990, Mongolia has established a democratic regime, and has been assessed as being relatively well governed. However, more recently, corruption has been worsening, despite the continuation of a democratic regime.This article inquires into the drivers of corruption and into the reasons for why accountability has not been more effective despite a democratic form of government. The availability of three major forms of rents - foreign aid, privatisation and natural resource extraction - is discussed as important drivers. The recent mining boom appears to have reinforced weaknesses in Mongolia's system of accountability. Underlying weaknesses include certain communist legacies, especially of intransparent government and of a dependent judicial system, and substantially increased inequality as a result of transition.

Philippe Le Billon (2003). Buying peace or fuelling war: the role of corruption in armed conflicts. Journal of International Development, Vol. 15, No. 4, p. 413-426.

Abstract

Although corruption may have a corrosive effect on economies and rule-based institutions, it also forms part of the fabric of social and political relationships. This endogenous character means that conflict may be engendered more by changes in the pattern of corruption than by the existence of corruption itself. Such changes, frequently associated with domestic or external shocks, can lead to armed conflict as increasingly violent forms of competitive corruption between factions lsquofuel warrsquo by rewarding belligerents. Controversially, lsquobuying-offrsquo belligerents can facilitate a transition to peace; but lsquosticksrsquo such as economic sanctions, rather than lsquocarrotsrsquo, have dominated international conflict resolution instruments. While lsquobuying peacersquo can present a short-term solution, the key challenge for peace-building initiatives and fiscal reforms is to shift individual incentives and rewards away from the competition for immediate corrupt gains. This may be facilitated by placing public revenues under international supervision during peace processes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Alex Kondos (1987) The Question of 'Corruption' in Nepal. Mankind, Vol. 17, no. 1, p. 15-29.

Abstract

Drawing on ethnographic material about a set of Nepalese cultural practices known as 'nutabad 2014ciypabad', 'favouritism', the paper attempts; first, to chart the meaning favouritism has for Nepalis in their everyday encounters with central administration and the forms these interactions take and their cultural significations; second, to examine the way the idea of favouritism is constructed by the Westernized intellectuals to mean corruption and their reasons for so doing. The key sociological concept utilized for this analysis is 'power', specifically its operation in the field of political ethics centring on a conflict between two opposing ideologies; one advocated by the Westernized intellectuals who are pressing for the adoption of the principle of 'impartiality' in government; the other being that which is inherent in the Hindu traditional mode of statecraft wherein the institution of 'the favour' and therefore 'partiality' as a value is paramount and is in accord with Hindu cultural values, generally.

Jennifer Hasty (2005) The Pleasures of Corruption: Desire and Discipline in Ghanaian Political Culture. Cultural Anthropology, Vol. 20, No. 2, p. 271-301.

Abstract

This article juxtaposes popular understandings of corruption in public discourse with official practices of anticorruption in the institutions of the state in Ghana. Although global disciplinary campaigns against corruption target selfishness and greed, local practices of anticorruption intersect with affectively engaged social desires. These social desires are profoundly shaped by local notions of articulation, pressure, and flow, and they are mobilized by communal desire as well as material. I examine two distinct conceptualizations of corruption in popular media that illustrate the link between corruption and socially embedded desire and then move behind the scenes to the realm of corruption investigations at the Ghanaian Commission for Human Rights and Administrative Justice (CHRAJ) and the Serious Fraud Office (SFO).

Akhil Gupta (1995). Blurred boundaries: the discourse of corruption, the culture of politics, and the imagined state. American Ethnologist, Vol. 22, No. 2, p.75-402.

Abstract

 In this article I attempt to do an ethnography of the state by examining the discourses of corruption in contemporary India. I focus on the practices of lower levels of the bureaucracy in a small north Indian town as well as on representations of the state in the mass media. Research on translocal institutions such as "the state" enables us to reflect on the limitations of participant-observation as a technique of fieldwork. The analysis leads me to question Eurocentric distinctions between state and civil society and offers a critique of the conceptualization of "the state" as a monolithic and unitary entity. [the state, public culture, fieldwork, discourse, corruption, India]

John Mukum Mbaku (2009) Corruption in Africa Part 1. History Compass, Vol. 7, No. 5, p. 1269-1285

Abstract

 As Africans struggled against colonial exploitation, there was near universal agreement among the freedom fighters and other nationalists that one of the most important determinants of poverty in the colonies was the control of the instruments of economic and political governance by foreign interlopers, all of whose objectives were in conflict with those of the Africans. Colonial institutional arrangements were primarily instruments for the exploitation of Africans and their resources. Europeans came to Africa to maximize metropolitan objectives and hence, established within each colony, institutional arrangements that enhanced their ability to exploit Africans and their resources for the benefit of the metropolitan economies. With their comparative advantage in the employment of military and police force, the Europeans were able to impose on the African colonies laws and institutions that enhanced their objectives but significantly impoverished Africans. Hence, independence was considered critical not only to the elimination of the psychological effects of foreign occupation but also to the empowerment of Africans and the enhancement of their ability to take full control of their governance systems. First, independence was expected to expel the European interlopers from the continent and allow the in-coming African leaders to rid their societies of the exploitative, despotic and non-democratic institutions that had been brought to the colonies by the Europeans. In the post-independence period, Africans were expected to have full control of their own destiny, allocate their own resources, and generally take responsibility for the design and implementation of policies affecting their own welfare. Second, the new leaders were then expected to engage all relevant stakeholder groups in each country in democratic constitution making to develop and adopt locally focused, participatory, inclusive and politically and economically relevant institutional arrangements. Finally, Africa's post-independence leaders were expected to use public policy as an instrument for the effective eradication of mass poverty and deprivation.

Tat Yan Kong (1996). Corruption and its Institutional Foundations: The Experience of South Korea. IDS Bulletin, Vol. 27, No. 2, p. 48-55 Institute of Development Studies

Abstract

 In spite of the reformist rhetoric of South Korea's first post-military administration inaugurated in 1993, the institutional foundations of corruption remain intact - the government-big business relationship in which donations are exchanged for favourable official consideration of the business sector. Recent measures to accelerate economic liberalization have strengthened the bargaining power of the business sector in relation to the government rather than replacing collusion with competition. The absence of countervailing power to the government-business nexus and the current conservative political agenda reflect the incomplete nature of the democratic transition since 1987 and contribute to the persistence of corruption.

Miroslav Beblavý (2009) Conditions for effective large-scale anticorruption efforts and the role of external actors: What does the Slovak experience tell us? Public Administration and Development, Vol. 29, No. 3, p. 180-192

Abstract

The article looks at what policy-makers can do to decrease corruption in developing and transition countries, based on an in-depth examination of effectiveness of actual anticorruption measures in Slovakia. The research presents a synthesis of 12 case studies where measures in the sectors most associated with corruption as well as horizontal measures were analysed. The research shows that corruption can be decreased significantly within several years and external actors can play a substantial role in the process. An overall decrease in corruption can be based on aggregation of individual sectoral changes in areas most suffering from graft. In particular, the Slovak strategy was based on a sector-by-sector economic approach to resolve supply-demand imbalances based on either liberalisation/privatisation, limitations on discretion or managing supply and/or demand. Horizontal reforms complemented by sectoral reforms with their strong focus on increasing transparency. Concerning the role of external actors, we conclude that even when there is a domestically driven anticorruption effort, the external actors can still help significantly by serving as sources of inspiration, legitimacy, know-how and funding for reform design and implementation.